ANATOMY

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ABDUCTION: moving away from the midline
ABSORBTION: taking in of nutrients from food into the blood stream
ADDUCTION: movement toward the midline
APPENDICULAR SKELETAL: extremeties of body
AXIAL SKELETAL: center of body
BALL & SOCKET JOINT: allows movement in many different directions
BASOPHILS: granular WBC, releases histamine and heparin
BICEPS BRACHII: lies along anterior humerus, make a muscle
BONES OF THE CRANIUM: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
BUCCINATOR: trumpeters muscle, chewing muscle, inserts into the orbicularis oris and flattens the cheek when contracted.
BURSAE: sacs filled with synovial fluid between the joint and the tendons
CALCANEUS: heelbone, supports most of the body weight
CANCER OF THE LUNGS: tumor that grows and obstructs air passages causing them to collapse, and eventually become infected
CAPILLARIES: o2 transfer, connects arterioles to venules
CARDIAC MUSCLE: found only in the heart where it's function is to pump blood. classified as straited and involuntary.
CARPALS: eight bones of the wrist
CAUSES FOR KIDNEY/RENAL FAILURE: hypertension, kidney failure, uncontrolled diabetes
CAUSES FOR UREMIA: trama to kidney, infection
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: c1-c7 located in the neck region
CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN: breakdown by enzymes, bile, saliva, hci
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISORDER: various combination of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, most serious complication is heart and respiratory failure ( fluid in the chest)
CHRYNE-STOKES RESPIRATIONS: irregular breathing pattern characterized by a series of shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and then decrease-followed by apnea of 10 - 60 seconds and then repeats
CIRCLE OF WILLIS: where the internal and vetebral arteries connect
CIRCUMDUCTION: turning in a circular motion
CLAVICAL: collarbone, attaches with the sternum and the scapula
COCCYX: make up of 4-5 small coccygeal vertebrae fused together( tail bone)
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT: provides information on amount of each elements of blood
COMPLETE PROTEINS: easily roken down
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD: made up of 55% plasma & 45% formed element(rbc,wbc,plt)
COMPOUND FRACTURE: break in bone with open skin
CONTRACTURE: abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle. freeze from prolonged period of immobilization.
CORONARY ARTERIES: brings oxygenated blood to the myocardium
COXAL BONE: hip bone, also called the oscoxae, contains ilium, ischium and pubis
CREATINE: accumulates in plasma
CYANOSIS: bluish color to the skin or mucous membrane due to a low concentration of oxygen in the blood
DELTOID: forms rounded portion of shoulder, under shoulder pad, extends from clavicle and scapula to humerus, abducts arms to horizontal position
DEOXYGENATED SIDE OF HEART: right
DESCENDING AORTA: carries oxygenated blood to the lower body
DETRUSOR MUSCLE: smooth muscle
DIAPHRAGM: dome shaped muscle seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, cheif muscle in breathing,
DIASTOLE: relaxing
DIGESTION: breaking down of food
DIRECTIONS FOR DIALYSIS: 3-4 hours/day, 3x weekly, for end stage renal failure, monitor vital every 1/2 hour
DISACCHRIDES: two sugars aid in amylase
DORSIFLEXION: bending the toe up toward the leg
DRUGS USED FOR LUNGS: bronchiodialater, albuteral, nebulizer, flo vent
DUODENUM: 10 inchest long, major digestion area, first part of the small intestines
DYSPNEA: difficult or labored breathing
EMBOLUS: traveling clot in the blood
EMPHYSEMA: puffed up alveoli barrel chest
ENDOCARDIUM: inner most layer of the heart
EOSINOPHILS: granular leukocyte that stains red, inflammatory response, elevated in a person with allergies
EPICARDIUM: outermost layer of the heart
EPIGLOTTIS: flap that helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the lungs
EPIPHYSEAL DISC: growth plate
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS: action of moms rh- antibodies, to rid baby with rh+, prevented by administering rhogam during pregnancy and 72 hours after delivery
ERYTHROCYTES: primarily involved in transport of oxygen to all body tissues, flexible, if inflexible sickle cell deficiency leads to anemia
ERYTHROPOIETIN: secreted by kidneys to stimulate the bone marrow to release RBC when oxygen level is decreased
ESOPHAGUS: 10 inches long contains spincter muscles that direct food donward
ETHMOID BONE: irregular shaped bone that forms the bony structure of the nasal cavity
ETHMOIDAL SINUS: located on the ethmoidal bone
EUPNEA: normal, quiet breathing
EUSTASIAN TUBES: tubes from the middle hear to the pharynx
EVERSION: turning the sole of the foot outward
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation
EXTENSION: straightening of a joint increasing the angle
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE: make up the lateral walls of the abdomen, runs obliquely.
EXTERNAL SPHINCTER: allows elimination
FACIAL BONES: mandible, maxilla, palatin, zygomatic
FALSE CORDS: doesn't produce sound, allows air and muscles for food
FALSE RIBS: middle 5 pairs pf ribs that attach indirectly to the sternum
FEMUR: thigh bone, longest and strongest bone in the body
FIBULA: thinner bone positioned alongside the tibis in the lower leg
FILTRATION: begins in glomerulus of bowmans capsule, causes H2O and dissolved substances to move from glomerulus filtration into bowmans capsule
FIVE FACIAL MUSCLES: frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, buccinator, zygomaticus.
FLEXION: bending of a joint decreasing the angle
FLOATING RIBS: bottom two pairs of ribs that do not attach to the sternum
FOUR ADDUCTOR MUSCLES: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor gracilis
FOUR MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL: rectus abdoninis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
FOUR MUSCLES OF THE CALF: tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius, and soleus
FOUR QUADRICEP MUSCLES: vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris.
FOUR ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES: supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
FRENULUM: anchors tongue to floor of mouth
FRONTAL BONE: forms the forehead
FRONTAL SINUS: located on the frontal lobe
FRONTALIS: flat muscle of the frontal bone, raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
FUNCTION OF BLOOD: transports oxygen, waste, nutrients, ions and other substances throughout the body. regulates fluid electrolyte & acid based balance the body temp. protects body from infection and contains clotting factor
FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: injestion, digestion, absorbtion
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: lower exetremities support body weight, suport and protect soft body organs, enable body to move, store minerals, calcium and phosphorus, red maroow oproduce blood cells
FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: remove fluid and waste( urea, nitrogenous waste, ammonia, creatinine,) regulates electrolytes (ph balance), plays role in blood pressure erytrocyte production
GALLBLADDER: connects to billary tree and liver, stores and concentrates bile
GASTROCNEMIUS AND SOLEUS: major muscles on the posterior surface attach to the cancaneus, causes plantar flexion. toe dancers muscle
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS: inflamation of the glomerulus that develops in response to streptococcal infection, large amounts of albumin and other proteins are lost in the urine
GLUMERULUS: urine making structure- formation, filter 180 lt/day 178.5 reabsorbed- tubular, 1.5 lts waste
GLUTEAL MUSCLES: gluteal maximus, gluteal medius, gluteal minimus, located on posterior, abduct the thigh
GOUT: metabolic disorder and occurs when a sharp uric acid crystals deposit
GRANULOCYTES: white blood cells that contain granuals, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
GREENSTICK FRACTURE: incomplete break
HAMSTRINGS: consists of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, located on the posterior surface of the thigh, flexes the leg at the knee
HEMATOCRIT: seperating blood to find the percentage of blood cells in a sample
HEMATOPOIESIS: process of cell production
HEMOGLOBIN: large protein molecule inside RBC with iron containing substance
HEMOSTASIS: stopping of blood loss
HINGE JOINT: allows movement in one direction
HORMONES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: aldosterone, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH, PTH
HUMERUS: upper arm bone
HYPERCAPNIA: abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
HYPEREXTENSION: over extending the joint
HYPERTROPHY: overused or overworkd skeletal muscle. cardiac muscle can also hypertrophy.
HYPOCAPNIA: abnormally low concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
HYPOXEMIA: abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
HYPOXIA: abnormally low concentration of oxygen n the tissues
ILEUM: end part of the small intestines, connects to large intestines 12 feet long
ILIOPSOAS: located on anterior surface, flexes the thigh
ILIUM: largest part of the coxal. flared upper part of the bone
INCOMPLETE PROTEINS: hard to break down
INFERIOR VENA CAVA: takes deoxygenated blood from the lower body and returns it to the right atrium
INFLAMATION OF THE LINING OF THE URINARY TRACT: urethritis, cystitis( lower uti), pyelitis (upper uti)
INFLAMMATION OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT: inflamed part of the respiratory system (sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis)
INFLUENZA: contagious upper respiratory infection of vital organs
INGESTION: taking in of food
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE: located between the ribs and is responsible for raising and lowering the rib cage
INTERIOR STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY: renal cortex- outer, renal medulla, dark triangle, renal pelvis- pyramids, collect urine
INTERNAL OBLIQUE: part of the lateral wall of the abdomen, runs criss cross with external oblique
INTERNAL SPHINCTURE: involvement in movement
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC: layer of cartilage seperating the vertebrae fom each other
INTRAPLEURAL: layer between the visceral and the parietal
INVERSION: turning the sole of the foot inward
ISCHIUM: most inferior part of the coxal bone, containsischial tuberosity, ischial spine and greater sciatic notch
JEJUNUM: second part of the small intestines, 8 feet long
JOINT: place where two bones meet
JOINT CAPSULE: encloses the joint in a strong sleevelike covering
KUSSMAUL BREATHING: an increase in rate and depth of respiration stimulated by acidosis
KYPHPSIS: exaggerated lumbar curvature(humpback)
LARGE INTESTINES: absorbtion of h2o and electrolytes for balance and hydration temporarily stores waste for elimination
LARYNGOPHARYNX: voice
LARYNX: voice box
LATISSIMUS DORSI: large broad muscle in the middle and lower back region, connects to humerus, brings arms back in a rowing motion
LAYERS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT: mucosa, submoucosa, muscles, serosa
LEUKOCYTES: protect the body fom infection, contains a neucleus, less numerous than RBC
LEUKOPENIA: deficiency of WBC, defenseless against infection
LIVER: reddish brown organ in RUQ under ribs,largest gland, detoxifies body, stores vitamins, aid in metabolism, controls clotting
LOCATION AND SIZE OF HEART: size of a closed fist, located between lungs midsternum
LORDOSIS: exaggerated lumbar curvature(swayback)
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE: l1-l5, located in the lower back region
LYMPH: clear fluid that resembles plasma
LYMPH NODES: cervical lymph nodes, axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes
LYMPH NODULES: masses of lymphocytes and macrophages inside the lymph nodes
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: assists in phagocytosis and immunity
LYMPHATIC VESSELS: carries lymoh toward heart and into blood
LYMPHOCYTES: agranular WBC, immunity, produce t & b cells
LYMPHOID ORGANS: tonsils, thymus, spleen
LYMPHOID TISSUE: helps the body defend against disease
MANDIBLE BONE: lower jaw bone, only bone with a joint
MASSETER: extends from the zygomatic process of the temproal bone to the mandible. closes the jaw
MAXILLA BONE: upper jaw bone , carries the upper teeth
MAXILLARY SINUS: located on the maxilla bone
MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN: mixing, chewing, moving food around
METACARPALS: five bones of the palm of the hand
METATARSALS: five bones of the instep of the foot
MEYLOSUPPRESSION: when the bone marrow doesn't produce sufficient number of blood cells
MICTATE/MICRUATION: urinate
MINERALS: inorganic, necessary for body
MONOCYTES: agranular phagocytic WBC, phagocytosis
MONOSACCHRIDES: one simple sugar, can be easily brokendown
MOUTH: buccal or oral cavity, opening of the digestive tract, contains teeth and tongue
MUCOSA: innermost layer
MUSCLE LAYER: inner/circular, outer/longitudinal mixing, chewing mashing
MUSCLES OF UPPER ARM: triceps brachii, biceps brachii
MYOCARDIUM: thick middle layer of the heart, responsible for contration
NARES: openings
NASAL SEPTUM: divides nasal cavity into right and left
NASOPHARYNX: nose
NEPHRON UNIT: 1 million units in each kidney
NEUTROPHILS: granular, highly phagocytic WBC,
NOSE: nasal cavity
NOSTRILS: air enters
OCCIPITAL BONE: base of the skull, with foramen magnum
OLIGURIA: scanty urination, less than 400 ml/day
ORBICULARIS OCULI: sphincter muscle that encircles the eyes, assists in winking, blinking and squinting.
ORBICULARIS ORIS: kissing muscle. sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth.
ORDER OF ABSORBTION: food-mechanical breakdown-move accross lining-vitamin & mineral-bloodstream-elimination
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: nose, pharynx, larynx. trachea. bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: 2 kidneys, 1 bladder, 1 urethra (8 inches in male), 2 ureters, passageway 4 inches controls rhythmic contractions
ORGANS THAT SECRETE WASTES: kidney, skin, lungs, intestines
OROPHARYNX: mouth
ORTHOPNEA: dyspnea relieved only by sitting up or standing
OSSIFICATION: formation of bones
OSTEOARTHRITIS: degenerative arthritis, or wear nad tear
OSTEOBLASTS: bone forming cells
OSTEOCLASTS: bone destroying cells
OSTEOPOROSIS: loss of bone mass that makes the bones so porous that they crumble under ordinary use
OXYGENATED SIDE OF HEART: left
P WAVE: atrial depolarization ( contraction)
PALATINE BONE: posterior part of the hard pa;ate and the floor of the nasal cavity
PANCREAS: secretes insulin and glucogon, gets rid os bile
PARANASAL SINUSES: maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, spenoid
PARATHYROID HORMONE(PTH): ca+ reabsorbtion
PARIETAL: outer layer of the lungs
PARIETAL BONE: most of the top of the head and part of the sides
PAROTID: largest gland, if infected mumps
PARTS OF THE BLADDER: detrusor muscle, rugae, trigone, internal sphincter, external sphincter
PARTS OF THE PHARYNX: oropharynx/mouth, laryngopharynx/voice
PATELLA: kneecap
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH HEART: vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid - right ventricle - pulmonic valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - arteries of the rest of the body
PATHWAY OF CARDIAC IMPULSE: sa node - av node - bundle of his -right and left bundle branches - purkinje fibers
PECTORALIS MAJOR: large broad muscle that forms the abdominal wall, connects humerus with clavicle, moves arms across the chest.
PELVIC GIRDLE: pelvis, composed of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx
PERICARDIUM: stringlike structure that supports the heart
PERISTALSIS: second muscle that helps relax and contract muscles one segment at a time
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS: must be extremely sterile, meant for travelers
PERITONEAL MEMBRANE: extension of the serosa, helps causing blood vessels from spreading infections into the abdominal cavity, mesentery and mesocolon, behind digestive tract, looks like and apron
PERONEUS LONGUS: located on the lateral surface of calf, causes eversion assists in plantar flexion
PHALANGES: fourteen finger bones
PHARYNX: throat, attaches mouth to esophagus
PIVOT JOINT: allows rotation
PLANTAR FLEXION: bending the foot down as if toe dancing
PLEURAL MEMBRANE: outer part of lungs that secrete thin layer of fluid
PLEURISY: inflammation of the pleural membrane
PNEUMONIA: inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli become filled with exudate
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY: a genetic disease characterized by the development of multiple fluid filled sacs in the kidneys
POLYSACCHRIDES: many sugars, not easily broken down
POSTERIOR FONTAINEL: smaller triangular shaped
POSTERIOR STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY: reddish brown, kidney bean shaped
PRONATION: turning hand palm down
PROTEINS: essential amino acid, complete and incomplete
PUBIS: most anterior part of the coxal bone,
PULMONARY ARTERY: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
PULMONARY CIRCULATION: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle - pulmonary artery - pulmonary capillaries - exchages co2 for o2- pulmonary vein - left atrium
PULMONARY VEIN: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
PULMONIC VALVE: located between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle
PULSE LOCATIONS: temporal, facial, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, tibial, dorsalis pedis
PYELONEPHRITIS: bacterial infection, neglect of uti
PYLONEPHRITIS: bacterial infection of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by a neglected bladder infection the ascends through the ureters to the kidneys
PYLORUS: bottom part of stomach
QRS WAVE: ventricle depolarization ( contraction)
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS: located on the anterior and lateral thigh, extends and straightens
RADIUS: forearm bone located on the thumb side (lateral side0
RBC LIFE SPAN: 120 days
REABSORBTION: 178.5 lt filters- peritubular- kidney, decides to reabsorb
RECTUS ABDOMINIS: run up and down from sternum to public bone, flexes and bend ther vertebral column.
RENAL CALCULI: also called nephtolithiasis or kidney stones.
RENAL FAILURE: rapid or gradual kidney failure caused by infection, acute hypotensive episodes, exposure to toxins, complications of diabetes, genetic disorders and congenital defects
RESIDUAL VOLUME: volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhalation
RH FACTOR: antigen located on the surface of RBC
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: inflammation of the synovial membrane
RIBS: contain 12 pairs attached directly to the thoracic vertebrae
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT: drain for the lymph from thee right arm right side of head and thorax
ROTATOR CUFF: group of four muscles that attach humerus to scapula, forms a cuff over humerus, rotates the arm at the shoulder joint,
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES: supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
RUGAE: allows bladder to stretch
S1,S2,S3, & S4: s1 is the closure of the av valves, s2 is the closure of the semilunar valves, s3 & s4 are abnormal unless younger or older
SACRUM: made up of 5 sacrals vertebrae fused together
SALAVARY GLANDS: secretes saliva to help breakdown food
SATORIUS: longest muscle in the body, located on anterior surface of thigh, rotates so that you can sit cross-legged
SCAPULA: shoulder blade, attaches to the clavical
SCOLIOSIS: lateral curvature usually involving the thoracic vertebrae
SECRETION OF URINE: 1.5 lt secreted along with urea, nitrogenous waste
SEMILUNAR VALVES: pulmonic and aortic valves between, leaving the ventricles
SEROUSA: outermost layer, lubes abdominal organs
SERRATUS ANTERIOR: located on the sides of the chest and extends from the ribs to the scapula, shoulders are lowered and arms extend
SHOULDER GURDLE: contains clavicle and scapula
SIMPLE FRACTURE: break in bone with no pierced skin
SINOATRIAL NODE: pacemaker of the heart set at 60-100 bpm located upper posterior wall of the right atrium sends electrical impulses to av node
SINUSES: air filled cavities located in the skull, amplifies and increase sound of the voice, frontal ethmoid, sphenoidal, maxillary
SIX MUSCLES OF SHOULDER AND LATERAL CHEST: trapezius, serratus anterior, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuff
SKELETAL MUSCLE: generally attached to bone, classified as voluntary and straited. produce movement, maintain body posture stabilize joints and help maintain body temperature
SKULL: cranium, facial and mandible bones
SMALL INTESTINES: absorbs nutrients into the blood stream send remainder to large intestines
SMOOTH MUSCLE: generally found in the walls ofviscera. classified as nonstraited and involuntary. aids in organ function
SOURCES OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN: internal carotid artery and vetebral artery
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: volume/concentration (normal 1.001-1.035 lt)
SPHENOID BONE: butterfly shaped bone that forms the floor and sides of the cranium, contains sella turcica( seat for pituitary gland)
SPHENOIDAL SINUS: located on the sphnoidal bone
SPLEEN: largest lymphoid organ, resevoir for rbc stores until needed, filters blood
SPRAIN: injury to a joint caused by twisting of the joint
STEM CELL: where blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow
STEPS OF BLOOD CLOT: blood vessels contract (vascular spasm), platelets become sticy and adhere to each other called a platelet plug, a fibrin net is formed (blood clotting,coagulation)
STEPS OF URINE FORMATION: filtration, rabsorbtion, secretion
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID: extens from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. contraction of both muscles causes head to bow. one muscle causes to head to rotate.
STERNUM: breastbone, dagger-shaped bone located on the anterior chest with ziphoid process at tip
STOMACH: secretes emzyme hci which aids in digeston,
STRAIN: injury to a muscle or tendon at a joint
STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE: sarcomere, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, muscle, tendon.
STRUCTURES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: mouth, teeth and tongue, salavary glands, pharyns, esophagus, stomach, amall intestines, large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, anus
SUBCLAVIAN VEINS: where thoracic and lymphatic duct drains into
SUBMANDIBULAR: under the mandibul
SUBMAXILLARY: under the maxilla
SUBMUCOSA: glands, blood
SUBSTANCE FOR HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION: iron, b12, folic acid and protein
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA: take deoxygenated blood from upper body and returns it to the right atrium
SUPINATION: turning hand palm up
SYMPHYSIS PUBIS: two pubic bones joined together
SYNOVIAL FLUID: lubricates the joint reducing friction
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE: lining thejoint capsule secretes synovial fluid
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION: carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle - aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - exchanges o2 - returns co2 - venules - vena cava - right atrium
SYSTOLE: contraction
T WAVE: ventricle repolarization (relaxed)
TACHYPNEA: rapid breathing
TARSALS: seven bones of the ankle
TEETH: 32 in adults, deciduous in baby, size and location dtermine function of each tooth
TEMPORAL BONE: sides of the head close to the ears, include external ausitory canal, zygomatic process, and the mandibular joint
TEMPORALIS: fan shaped muscle that extends form the flat portion of the temporal bone to the mandible
TETANUS: muscle remains contracted, maintains posture
THORACIC AORTA: part of the descending, located behind the heart
THORACIC CAGE: sternum, ribs
THORACIC DUCT: drains lymph from the rest of the body
THORACIC VERTEBRAE: t1-t12, located in the chest region
THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
THROMBOCYTES: platelets, protect the body from bleeding
THROMBOCYTOPENIA: deficiency of thrombocytes, risk of hemorrhage, bruises, lack of clotting, bleeding
THROMBUS: blood clot
THYMUS GLAND: located behind the sternum and below the thyroid, processes lymphocytes to t-cells, shrinks after puberty
TIBIA: shinbone, weight bearing bone of the lower leg
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR: located on the anterior surface, causes dorsiflexion of the foot
TIDAL VOLUME: volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during one respiratory cycle
TONGUE: muscle that facilitates movement of food
TONSILS: palatine, pharyngeal, lingual
TRACHEA: windpipe, 4-5 inches long, 1 inch diameter, splits into r & l bronchi, conducts air to and from the lungs
TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS: inner most layer of the abdominal muscle. runs horizontal.
TRAPEZIUS: attaches from the occipital to the thoracic vertebrae and scapula, shrugs shoulders, tilts head back
TRICEPS BRACHII: lies along posterior of humerus, boxer muscle
TRICUSPID VALVE: located between the right atrium and ventricle
TRIGONE: floor of bladder, enterance point
TRUE RIBS: top seven ribs that attach directly to the sternum
TWITCH: muscle contracts and fully relaxes
TWO CHEWING MUSCLES (MASTICATION): masseter and temporalis
TWO MUSCLES OF THE NECK: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES: monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
ULNA: longer of the 2 forearm bones on the little finger side(medial side)
UNIVERSAL DONOR: blood type o
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT: blood type ab
UPPER LEG MUSCLES: quadriceps femoris, satorius, hamstrings
UREMIA: blood in the urine
UTI: urinary tract infection
VALVES OF THE LEFT SIDE: bicuspid and aortic valves
VALVES OF THE RIGHT SIDE: tricuspid and pulmonic valves
VARICOSE VEINS: superficial veins
VEINS: carries deoxygenated blood to the heart, except the pulmonary vein
VENULES: carries deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the veins
VERTEBRAL COLUMN: extends from skull to pelvis
VISCERAL: inner layer of the lungs
VITAL BREATHING CENTER: medulla oblongata
VITAL CAPACITY: maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following maximum inhalation
VITAMINS: small organic, helps cell metabolism
VOCAL CORDS: produces sound
ZYGOMATIC BONE: cheek bones
ZYGOMATICUS: smiling muscle, extends from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbones.

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