Chapter 4 - Whole Body Terminology (copy)
Terms
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- Abdominal cavity
- The cavity beneath the thoracic cavity that is seperated from the the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm; contains the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, intestines and kidneys
- abdomiopelvic cavity
- A term that describes the abdominal and pelvic cavity collectively; refers to the space between the diaphragm and the groin.
- anaplasia
- A change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversion to a more primitive form.
- anatomical position
- The standard reference position for the body as a whole; the person is standing with arms at the sides and palms turned forward; the individual's head and feet are also pointing forward.
- anterior
- pertaining to the front of the body or toward the belly of the body
- aplasia
- a developmental failure resulting in the absence of any organ or tissue
- cardiac muscle
- the muscle that makes up the muscular wall of the heart
- caudal
- pertaining to the tail
- cell
- the smallest and most numerous structural unit of living matter
- cell membrane
- the semi-permeable barrier that is the outer covering of a cell
- cervical vertebrae
- the first seven segments of the spinal column; identified as C1-C7
- chromosomes
- the threadlike structures within the nucleus that control the functions of growth, repair, and reproduction for the body
- coccyx
- the tailbone. located at the end of the vertebral column, the coccyx results from the fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child
- connective tissue
- tissue that supports and bind other body tissue and parts
- cranial
- pertaining to the skull or brain
- cranial cavity
- the cavity that contains the brain
- cytology
- the study of cells
- cytoplasm
- a gel-like substance that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. The cytoplasm contains cell organs, called organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell
- deep
- away from the surface
- distal
- away from or the farthest from the trunk of the body, or farthest from the point of origin of a body part
- dorsal
- pertaining to the back
- dorsum
- the back or posterior surface of a part; in the foot, the top of the foot
- dysplasia
- any abnormal development of tissues or organs
- epigastric region
- The region of the abdomen located between the right and left hypochondriac regions in the upper section of the abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the ribs
- epithelial tissue
- the tissue that covers the internal and external organs of the body; in also lines the vessels, body cavities, glands and body organs
- frontal plane
- any of the vertical planes passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes and dividing the body into front and back portions
- genes
- segments of chromosomes that transmit hereditary characteristics
- histologist
- a medical scientist who specializes in the study of tissues
- hyperplasia
- an increase in the number of cells in a body part
- hypochondriac region
- the right and left regions of the upper abdomen, beneath the cartilage of the lower ribs; located on either side of the epigastric region
- hypogastric region
- the middle section of the lower abdomen, beneath the umbilical region
- hypoplasia
- incomplete or underdevloped organ or tissue, usually the result of a decrease in the number of cells.
- inferior
- below or downward toward the tail or feet
- inguinal region
- the right and left regions fo the lower section of the abdomen; also called the iliac region
- lateral
- toward the side of th ebody, away from the midline of the body
- lumbar region
- the right and left regions of the middle section of the abdomen
- lumbar vertebrae
- the largest and stronges of the vertebrae of the spinal column, located in the lower back. The lumbar vertebrae consist of 5 large segments of the movable part of the spinal column; identified as L1-L5
- lysosomes
- cell organs, or organelles, that contain various kinds of enzymes capable of breaking down all of the main components of cells; lysosomes destroy bacteria by digesting them
- McBurney's point
- A point on the right side of the abdomen, about two-thirds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip
- medial
- toward the midline of the body
- mediolateral
- pertaining to the middle and side of a structure
- membrane
- a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space, such as the abdominal membrane that lines the abdominal wall
- midline of the body
- the imaginary "line" that is created when the body is divided into equal right and left halves.
- midsagittal plane
- the plane that divides the body or a structure into right and left equal portions
- mitochondria
- cell organs, or organelles, which provide the energy needed by the cell to carry on its essential functions
- Munro's point
- a point on the left side of the abdomen, about halfway between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip
- muscle tissue
- the tissue that is capable of producing movement of the parts and organs of the body by contracting and relaxing its fibers
- navel
- the umbilicus, the belly button
- neoplasia
- the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant
- nervous tissue
- tissue that transmits impulses throughout the body, thereby activating, coordinating, and controlling the many functions of the body
- nucleus
- the central controlling body within a living cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane
- organ
- tissues that are arranged together to perform a special function
- pelvic cavity
- the lower front cavity of the body, located beneath the abdominal cavity; contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs
- peritoneum
- a specific, serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera
- plane
- imaginary slices, or cuts made through the body as if a dividing sheet were passed through the body at a particular angle and in a particular direction, permitting a view from a different angle
- plantar
- pertaining to the sole or bottom of the foot
- posterior
- pertaining to the back of the body
- pronation
- a movement that allows the palms fo the hands to turn downward and backward
- prone
- lying facedown on the abdomen
- proximal
- toward or nearest to the trunk of the body, or nearest to the point of origin of a body part
- ribosomes
- cell organs, or organelles, that synthesize proteins; often called the cell's "protein factories"
- sacrum
- the singular, triangular-shaped bone that results from the fusion of the five individual sacral bones of the child
- skeletal muscle
- muscle that is attached to bone and is responsible for the movement of the skeleton
- smooth muscle
- muscle that is found n the walls of the hollow internal organs of the body such as the stomach and intestines
- spinal cavity
- the cavity that contains the nerves of the spinal cord; also known as the spinal canal
- superficial
- pertaining to the surface of the body, or near the surface
- superior
- above or upward toward the head
- supination
- a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn upward or forward
- supine
- lying horizontally on the back, faceup
- system
- organs that work together to perform the many functions of the body as a whole
- thoracic cavity
- the chest cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, aorta, esophagus and trachea
- thoracic vertebrae
- the second segment of 12 vertebrae that make up the vertebral bones of the chest; identified as T1-T12
- tissue
- a group of cells that perform specialized functions
- transverse plane
- any of the planes cutting across the body perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
- umbilical region
- the region of the abdomen located in the middle section of the abdomen, between the right and left lumbar regions and directly beneath the epigastric region
- umbilicus
- the navel; also called the belly button
- ventral
- pertaining to the front; belly side
- visceral
- pertaining to the internal organs
- visceral muscle
- smooth muscle; muscle that is found in the walls of the hollow internal organs of the body such as the stomach and intestines