radcards pediatric radiology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- ddx: sclerotic metaphyseal bands
-
LIFe LINeS
lead
infection
fluorosis
leukemia/lymphoma
illness
never forget rickets
scurvy - ddx: stippled/fragmented epiphyses
-
coumadin toxicity (fetal warfarin syndrome)
cretinism
chrondrodysplasia punctata
trisomy 18
multiple epiphyseal dysplasia - ddx: small colon in an infant
-
AIM twice
aganglionosis
immature left colon
meconium ileus
atresia (colonic)
ileal atresia
megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis - ddx: sacrococcygeal mass in a neonate
-
teratoma
chordoma
neurogenic tumor
myelomeningocele
rhabdomyosarcoma
lipoma
melanoma
meconium pseudocyst - how do you differentiate causes of a pulmonary edema pattern in the newborn
-
big heart, gets better: infant of DM mom, hypoglycemia, asphyxia
big heart, gets worse: cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, coarctation, hypoplastic left heart
normal heart, gets better: meconium aspiration, TTN, cord stripping
normal heart, gets worse: TAPVR, hypoplastic left heart, mitral stenosis, cor triatriatum - ddx: neonatal adrenal mass
-
adrenal hemorrhage
neuroblastoma
wolman's disease
*pearl* always recommend urinary markers and f/u in 2 weeks if uncertain - ddx: diffuse periostial reaction
-
SCALP
syphilis, sickle cell
caffey's
abuse, hypervitaminosis A
leukemia
physiologic, prostaglandins, pachydermoperiostosis - good prognosis in neuroblastoma is associated with what features
-
low stage, young age
few n-myc oncogenes - ddx: unilateral opaque hemithorax in the neonate
-
pleural effusion
chylothorax
atelectasis
pulmonary agenesis
hypoplastic lung
CCAM
diaphragmatic hernia - what are the common causes of pleural effusion in a neonate
-
birth trauma
CHF
hypervolemia
erythroblastosis fetalis
turner's syndrome - ddx: lobar opacity in a neonate
-
I HEAR
infection (group B strep, E coli)
hemorrhage
edema
aspiration
RDS -
what are lung volumes in:
- RDS
- TTN
- mec asp -
RDS: small
TTN: N
mec asp: large - ddx: air and fluid filled hemithorax in the neonate
-
BPD
CCAM
lobar emphysema
diaphragmatic hernia
PIE - what are the 3 Ws of RSV infection
-
wheezing
winter
neWborn - which lobe is most commonly affected by RSV infection
- RUL
- ddx: recurrent pneumonia in a child
-
CF
asthma
reflux
TE fistula
immune deficiency
BPD
bronchiectasis
foreign body
sequestration - compare croup and epiglottitis
-
croup:
- self limited
- 6 mo-6 years
- steeple sign of subglottic edema
- viral
epiglottitis:
- acute
- 3-6 years
- thumb sign of glottic and epiglottic edema
- bacterial - name 3 ways to radiographically evaluate a child for airway foreign body
-
inspiration/expiration flims: air trapping on foreign body side
fluro: mediastinum shifts away from foreign body side on expiration
decubitus film: foreign body side air traps when dependent - ddx: anterior mediastinal mass
-
4Ts and C
thymic tumor
thyroid
teratoma
terrible lymphoma
cystic hygroma - ddx: middle mediastinal mass in child
-
bronchogenic cyst
lymphadenopathy
- TB
- lymphoma
vascular anomaly - ddx: posterior mediastinal mass
-
neurogenic tumor
neurenteric cyst
extramedullary hematopoesis
sequestration - what distinguishes the common mediastinal neurogenic tumors
-
age:
neuroblastoma: <= 2 years
ganglioneuroblastoma: < 10 years
ganglioneuroma: 6-15 years
nerve sheath tumor: >= second decade - ddx: acyanotic, big heart, increased pulmonary blood flow
-
ASD
VSD
PDA - ddx: cyanotic, big heart, incrased blood flow
-
5Ts CHD
truncus arteriosus
transposition
tricuspid atresia (10-15%)
tetralogy (with absent valve)
TAPVR
coarctation (severe)
hypoplastic left heart
double outlet right heart - ddx: cyanotic, decreased blood flow
-
tricuspid atresia
pulmonary atresia/stenosis
tetralogy - what lesion is most likely to have a right aortic arch
- truncus arteriosus
- if you see a right arch what lesion is most likely
- tetralogy of fallot
- what surgical procedures are used to treat TOF
-
blalock-tussig shunt (subclavian artery to pulmonary artery)
fontan procedure (RA to PA) - what is the most common cardiac cause of cyanosis in the newborn
- transposition
- what procedures are used to treat tricuspid atresia
-
fontan procedure (RA to PA)
glenn procedure (SVC to PA) - ddx: double bubble
-
duodenal atresia
web
midgut vovulus
jejunal atresia
choledochal cyst
annular pancreas - what are manifestations of down's syndrome
-
duodenal obstruction
immature colon
endocardial cushion defect
hypersegmented manubrium
extra ribs - compare omphalocele and gastrochisis
-
omphalocele:
- midline defect
- covered by peritoneum
- abnormal rotation
- high association with anomalies elsewhere
gastroschisis:
- off-midline
- uncovered
- +/- malroation
- low association with anomalies elsewhere - rule of 2s in meckel's diverticulum
-
2% of population
2 ft from ileocecal valve
presents at age 2
2 inches in size
20% contain gastric mucosa - 5 polyposis syndromes seen in children
-
isolated juvenile polyp
familial polyposis
juvenile polyposis
gardener's syndrome
peutz-jegher syndrome - ddx: abdominal mass in a child
-
wilm's tumor
hydronephrosis
mesoblastic nephroma
neuroblastoma
appendiceal abscess
hepatic mass
enteric or mesenteric mass
ovarian cyst
hydrometrocolpos
dermoid cyst - most common cause of an abdominal mass in a neonate
- hydronephrosis
- most common cuase of a solid renal mass in a neonate
- mesoblastic nephroma
- ddx: hydronephrosis
-
PURE P
posterior urethral valves
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
reflux
ectopic uerterocele
prune belly syndrome - how often is UPJ bilateral
- 20%
- what are 5 complications of horseshoe kidney
-
WRIST
wilm's tumor
reflux
infection
stone formation
trauma - what are the radiographic findings in prune belly syndrome
-
hydronephrosis
reflux
urethral obstruction
bladder enlargement
bulging flanks
flaring of the lower ribs
renal agenesis
ureteral atresia - compare wilm's tumor and neuroblastoma
-
wilm's:
- large kidney
- calcs unusual
- lung mets
- invasion of vessels
- no uptake on nucs studies
neuroblastoma:
- kidney displaced
- calcs common
- bone mets
- encasement of vessels
- uptake on bone scan and MIBG - ddx: adrenal calcs
-
adrenal hemorrhage
neuroblastoma
pheochromocytoma
adrenal cyst
addison's disease
granulomatous disease
wolman's disease - what is the order of ossification sequence of epiphyses in the elbow
-
CRITOE
capitellum 2
radium 4
internal (medial) epicondyle 6
trochlea 8
olecranon
external (lateral) epicondyle 10 - what are the signs of child abuse
-
healing fractures of different ages
multiple fractures
fractures in unusual locations
metaphyseal fractures -
what are the common ages for:
- developmental dysplasia of the hip
- legg-calve-perthes
- slipped capital femoral ephiphyses -
DDH: neonate, infant, toddler
LCP: child
SCFE: teenager - DDH is bilateral in how many patients
- 5%
- when SCFE is bilateral, what diagnosis should be entertained
- renal failure
- what are the radiographic signs of DDH
-
shallow acetabulum
increased acetabular angle
small capital femoral epiphyses
delayed ossification of the femoral head
acetabular/femoral head sclerosis