Science IA Final: continued again
Terms
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- Aerobic Bacteria:
- uses oxygen.
- Anaerobic:
- no oxygen needed.
- Animals:
- parasites.
- Are fungi auto or heto?
- heterotrophs.
- Cell Membrane of Bacteria:
- found inside of cell wall of bacteria, transports materials in/out of the cell.
- Cell tissue:
- group of similar cells all doing the same thing.
- Cell Wall of Bacteria:
- protective layer made of proteins and fats. gram + and gram - have different cell walls: + purple, -red.
- Cell Wall:
- (plants only) rigid covering of a plant cell, made of cellulose. pores allow ions and molecules to pass.
- Centrioles:
- only become active when the cell reproduces. helps the cell split into 2 new cells. form fibers that pull chromosomes apart.
- Chromoplasts:
- synthesize and store pigments such as orange carotens.
- Coencytic:
- no walls separating the cells.
- Cytoplasm of Bacteria:
- gelly-like mass of chemicals inside of cell such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and water. contains chromosomes.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- a network of tubes scattered throughout the cytoplasm. place for the constructions (synthesis) of the proteins. lined with ribosomes.
- Factultative:
- both aerobic and anaerobic.
- Flagella:
- baterial rods and spirilla can move by this organelle. shaped like a tail or whip.
- Fungi:
- molds.
- Glycocalx:
- found on bacilli and cocci, a sticky layer made of sugars and proteins.
- Golgi Apparatus:
- special part of E.R. found in cells that secrete enzymes or hormones. function- to package the completed enzyme and deliver it.
- How do most pacteria reproduce?
- binary fission.
- How fast do bacteria reproduce?
- fast: one bacterial cell can produce 7,000,000 cells in 7 hours.
- How many species of fungi are there?
- 80,000 species.
- Lysosomes:
- vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes- can break down particles of protein (chunks of bacteria) into amino acids. can also destroy the cell.
- Mitochondria:
- powerhouse of the cell. oval-shaped protein structure composed of 2 membranes. outer, smooth membrane and an inner folded membrane called Christae. Glucose molecules are broken down here by enzymes to make energy.
- Monera:
- bacteria
- Organ System:
- group of organs functioning to allow the system to do its job. (ex. digestive system)
- Organ:
- group of different tissues working together to allow the organ to do its job (ex. skin, muscle, nervous, vascular).
- Organism:
- all organ systems working together in balance to enable the organism to reproduce.
- Pili:
- hairlike structure that transfers genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Plasma Membrane:
- (cell membrane) covers the cell, gives its shape, and permits the movement of materials.
- Protista:
- protozoa, algae.
- Ribosomes:
- made of protein. half-sphere shaped structures attached to the surface of the E.R.- the specific sites of protein synthesis.
- Saprobic:
- live on dead organic material: helpful in the breakdown of dead organisms.
- Septa:
- cells of fungi are separated by walls, but the cytoplasm mixes between cells.
- Spores:
- produced by gram +. forms when conditions are hostile, contain little water (heat resistant), protets the cell until conditions return, most resistant form of life.
- What are autotrophs?
- produce their own food.
- What are bacteria called if they like cold temps. of 0-20 C?
- psychrophiles.
- What are bacteria called if they like hot temps of 40-90 C?
- thermophiles.
- What are bacteria called if they like middle temps. of 20-40 C?
- mesophiles.
- WHat are bacteria measured in?
- micrometers- one millionth of a meter.
- What are fungi?
- eukaryotic microorganisms.
- What are heterotrophs?
- take in food?
- What are some examples of coccus?
- single, dipplococcus (pairs), tetrad (group of four), Sarcina (8), staphylococcus (grape), streptococcus (chain of them).
- What are some exaoples of spiral shaped bacteria?
- spiral, spirochete, virbrio.
- What are the different systems?
- nervous, digestive, integumentary, circulatory, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, endocrine, excretory, respiratory, reproductive.
- What are the steps to binary fission?
- 1. cell elongates and DNA replicates. 2. cell wall and membrane invaginates. 3. crosswall forms, separates DNA 4. cells separate
- What are the three shapes of bacteria?
- bacillus (rod-shaped), coccus (sphere-shaped), and Spiral (chain).
- What do fungi lack?
- chlorophyll.
- What does flagella mean in latin?
- whip.
- What is autolysis?
- destruction of the cell through lysosomes.
- What is pili used for?
- used to stuck to tissues for the cause of disease.
- What is the size of a flagella?
- 10-20 micrometers.
- What is the thick layer of a glycocalx like?
- a capsule that serves as a protective coat.
- What kind of food do bacteria need?
- organic: carbohydrates (monosacc., disacc.), proteins (blood, skin, organs), concentrations of water, very little lipids.
- What temps do most bacteria like?
- 20-40: mesophiles.