Psych-CH.9
Terms
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- belief perseverance
- clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- babbling stage
- beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
- semantics
- the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
- two-word stage
- beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
- grammar
- in a language, a sustem of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
- functional fixedness
- the tendendy to think of things only in tems of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
- one-word stage
- the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
- availability heuristic
- estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
- overconfidence
- the tendency to be more than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
- morpheme
- in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
- representativeness heuristic
- judging the likelihood fo things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
- syntax
- the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
- intuition
- an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious resoning
- framing
- the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
- language
- our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
- phonemes
- in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
- cognition
- the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
- concept
- a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
- prototype
- a mental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
- algorithm
- a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more erroe-prone- use of heuristics
- heuristic
- a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more erroe-prone than algorithms
- insight
- a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
- confirmation bias
- a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
- fixation
- the ability to see a problem from a new perspective, be employing a different mental set
- mental set
- a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
- telegraphic speech
- early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs
- aphasia
- impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
- Broca's Area
- controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
- Wernicke's Area
- controls language reception- a brain area incolced in language comprehension and expression and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe