Human Anatomy- Chapter 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Trepenation
- Drilling in someones head to allow the spirits out
- Litterally, what does anatomy mean?
- to cut up
- Important events in early anatomy
-
3400 B.C- First lab manual
400 B.C- hippocratic oath
1500 A.D- DiVinci
1895- X-rays discovered
1953- DNA discovered - Why is the cellular level so important?
- being the lowest LIVE level, it is the most basic level at which dysfunctions and diseases originate.
- Cells are considered alive because?
- they are self sustaining. They carry out all the functions required: nutrition, waste removal, engage in gas exchange, and most reproduce.
- In what environment do most cells live?
- aqueous
-
Most cells have the following organelles. Give the function of each of the following:
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus -
Plasma membrane- protective membrane with selective permeability for nutrients.
Cytoplasm- clear, thick material which functions to transport nutrients and wastes throught the cell.
Nucleus- controls chemical and reproductive functions. -
Plama membrane
-structure? -
Structure
-lipid bilayer with hydrophobic centers and hydrophyllic heads.
-made of lipids, glycolipids and cholesterol (fluidity of membrane- fluid mosaic)
-several proteins embedded - what are the three categories of proteins embedded in the membrane?
-
1.) integral
2.) peripheral
3.) Transmembrane -
plasma membrane
-methods of transport -
-diffusion- down a concentration gradient. No ATP required. (CO2 and O2)
-Exocytosis- where a vesicle forms around products and fuses with presynaptic membrane emptying contents outside cell.
-endocytosis- moving substances into the cell - The method of transport endocytosis is further broken down into two categories. what are they?
-
-pinocytosis- cell"drinking".
-phagocytosis- cell "eating" - Most cells (exception: sex cells) divide by what mechanism? What is the purpose of such division?
-
Mitosis
To regenerate dying cells, organism growth, and to replace damaged cells. -
Cellular replication occurs at various rates. For the following rates name which organs or systems replace their cells in this manner.
Never
As needed
Constant -
Never- Nerve cells and muscle cells.
As needed- liver and kidneys (hence the "piece" transplant
Constant: skin, blood cells, GI tract. - What are the two changes that can occur in the cell?
-
Hypertrophy- growth of cells
Atrophy- loss of cell volume - What is a neoplasm?
- a non-encapsulated fast-growing, cancerous cell.
- what are the two classes of neoplasms (tumors)?
-
Benign- slow contained growth
Malignant- rapid growth with possible metastisizing.