Griffin Tech AHS 101 CH 10 Sensory (touch/sight/smell/hear/taste/temperature/pos
Terms
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- This systems protects a person by detecting changes in the environment?
- The sensory system
- An environment change becomes a?
- Stimulus
- The stimulus from the environment initiates a nerve ____?
- Impulse
- The external stimulus from sensory organs travel toward the CNS by way of what?
- Afferent neuron, ascending tract
- A stimulus becomes a sensation only when the cerebral cortex ________the nerve impulse it generates?
- Interprets
- Types of stimulus are?
-
Internal (visceral)
External (skeletal, integumentary, Ears, nose, eyes) - Type of stimulus that arrive from the external and are detected at or near the body surface?
- External
- Type of stimulus that originates internally to maintain homeostasis?
- Internal (visceral)
- The part of the nervous system that detects a stimulus?
- Sensory receptor
- A free dendrite of a sensory neuron, such as the receptors for pain is what type receptor?
- Sensory
- Type of Receptor? A modified ending, or end-organ, on the dendrite of an afferent neuron, such as those for touch and temperature?
- Sensory
- Type of receptor? A specialized cell associated with an afferent neuron, such as the rods and cones of the retina of the eye and the receptors in the other special sense organs?
- Sensory
- Receptors can be classified according to the type of _________ to which they respond?
- Stimulus
- Type of Sensory receptor such as the receptors for taste and smell, detect chemicals in solution?
- Chemoreceptors
- Type of Sensory receptor located in the retina of the eye, responds to light?
- Photoreceptors
- Type of Sensory receptor that detect change in temperature, many of these located in skin?
- Thermoreceptors
- Type of Sensory receptor that respond to movement such as stretch, pressure, or vibrations?
- Mechanoreceptors
- Any receptor must recieve a stimulus of adequate intensity called?
- Threshold stimulus (must meet a certain level to activate sensory recpetors)
- Type of sense that is localized in a special sense organ?
- Special sense
- Type of sense that is widely distributed throughout the body?
- Generalized sense
- Special senses include what senses?
- Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell
- General senses include what senses?
- Pressure, temperature, pain, and touch, also sense of position (muscles, joints, tendons)
- What structures protect the eye?
- Skull bones, eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrow, conjuctiva (covers sclera, lacrimal glands, nasolacrimal duct.
- The upper and lower eyelids anatomical name?
- Superior Palpabrea levator, Inferior Palpabrea levator
- Cells within the _______produce mucus that aids in lubricating the eye?
- Conjunctiva
- Tears from the lacrimal glands lubricate the eye and contain an ________that protects against infection?
- Enzyme
- The eyeball has three coats or tunics, what are they?
-
Sclera, Choroid, retina - Type tunic that is made of tough connective tissue, also referred to the "white of the eye"?
- Sclera
- Appears white because of the collagen it contains and has no blood vessel to add color?
- Sclera
- Tunic composed of a delicate network of connective tissue interlaced with many blood vessels?
- Choroid
- Tunic that contains dark brown pigment, prevents incoming light rays from scattering and reflecting the inner surface of the eye?
- Choroid
- The tunic that is the actual receptor layer of the eye?
- Retina
- Tunic contains light-sensitive cells known as rods and cones?
- Retina
- Generate the nerve impulses associated with vision?
- Rods and cones
- The process which is the bending of light rays as they pass from one substance to another substance of different density?
- Refraction
- Because of this light from a very large area can be focused on a very small area of the retina?
- Refraction
- An anterior continuation of the sclera, but it is transparent, colorless, whereas the rest of sclera is opaque and white?
- Cornea
- Referred to as "the window of the eye"?
- Cornea
- Bulges forward slightly and is the main refracting structure of the eye?
- Cornea
- Has no blood vessels, is nourished by the fluid that constantly wash over it?
- Cornea
- A watery fluid that fills much of the eyeball anterior to the lens, helps maintain the slight forward curve of the cornea?
- Aqueous Humor
- Constantly produce and drained from the eye?
- Aqueous Humor
- Technically called the "CRYSTALLINE LENS"?
- Lens
- A clear, circular structure made of a firm elastic material?
- Lens
- Has two bulging surfaces and is considered biconvex?
- Lens
- Important in light refraction because it is elastic and its thickness can be adjusted to focus light for near or far vision?
- Lens
- A soft jelly like substance that fill the entire space posterior to the lens?
- Vitreous Body
- Important in maintaining the shape of the eyeball as well as in aiding in refraction?
- Vitreous Body
- What are the structures that refract light as it passes through the eye?
- Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body
- The receptor cells of the eye, named for their shape?
- Rods and cones
- Part of the retina that are highly sensitive to light, thus function in dim light but do not provide a sharp image?
- Rods
- Are more numerous than cones and are distributed more toward the periphery (anterior portion)of the retina?
- Rods
- Responsible for dark adaptation, from more light to less light?
- Rods
- Rods are unable to differentiate what?
- Color
- Function in bright light, sensitive to color, and give sharp images?
- Cones
- Are localized at the center of the retina?
- Cones
- A tiny depressed area near the optic nerve is?
-
Fovea centralis - Point of the sharpest vision and contains a high density of cones?
- Fovea centralis
- The fovea is contained within a yellow spot called?
- The macula lutea
- An area that may show degenerative changes with age and contains the fovea?
- The macula lutea
- Cones have specific colors they are sensitive to, what are the colors?
- Red, green, and blue light
- The absence of retinal cones results in?
- Color blindness
- The ______ and ____ function by means of pigments that are sensitive to light?
- Rods and cones
- The rod pigment is known as?
- rhodopsin or visual purple
- What vitamin is needed to manufacture rhodopsin?
- Vitamin A
- A lack of Vitamin A results in?
- Night Blindness
- Nerve impulses from the rods and cones flow into sensory neurons that merge to form what?
- The optic nerve
- The optic nerve is also labelled the ?
- Cranial nerve II
- Impulses from the optic nerve travel to the center of the?
- Occipital cortex of the brain
- Two groups of muscle in the eye are?
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic muscles
- How many extrinsic muscles are connected with each eye?
- Six (6)
- Muscle of the eye Originates of the bones of the orbit and inserts?
- On the surface of the sclera
- The muscle in the eye are named for their?
- Location
- Eye muscle that pull on the eyeball in a coordinated fashion so that both eyes center on one visual field?
- muscles of the eye
- Process by which muscles pull on the eyeball in a coordinated fashion so that both eyes center on one visual field?
- convergence
- Necessary for a clear image on the retina?
- convergence
- Three dimensional vision or stereoscopic vision is a characteristic of?
- Primates
- The involuntary muscles located within the eye are known as?
- Intrinsic muscles
- Form two circular structures within the eye, the iris and the ciliary muscle?
- Intrinsic muscles
- The colored or pigmented part of the eye?
- Iris
- Composed of two sets of muscle fibers that the size of the central opening (pupil)?
- Iris
- Central opening of the iris?
- Pupil
- Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye?
- Iris
- In bright light the muscles of the iris?
- Contract
- The narrowing of the piris is termed?
- Constriction
- In dim light the radial muscles of the iris do what?
- Dilate
- The enlargment of the pupil is known as?
- Dilation
- Shaped like a flattened ring with a central hole the size of the outer edge of the iris?
- Ciliary muscle
- This muscle holds the lens in place by means of filaments?
- Ciliary muscle
- The filaments or ligaments of the ciliary muscle are called?
- suspensory Ligaments
- These ligaments project from the ciliary muscle to the edge of the lens around its entire circumference?
- suspensory Ligaments
- This intrinsic muscle of the eye controls the shape of the lens to allow for vision at near and far distances?
- Ciliary muscle
- This process changes the lens shape for better viewing?
- Accomodation
- A common cause of farsightedness in the aging process, is due to a loss of elasticity in this eye muscle?
- Ciliary muscle
- What is the function of the Iris?
- To control the amount of light entering the eye
- What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
- Holds the lens in place contorting it by suspensory ligaments to accommodate near and far vision
- Carries visual impulses from the retinal rods and cods to the brain?
- Optice nerve
- Known as the Cranial Nerve II?
- Optic nerve
- Carries impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the eye and surrounding parts of the brain?
- opHthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
- There are no rods and cones in the area of the optic nerve causing?
- Blind spot
- What is the pathway for transmitting external information from the eye to the brain?
- External stimulus - outer layer - retina - rods and cones - optic nerve - thalamus-occipital of brain
- The image that falls on the retina is overfracted causing the image to be?
-
Upside down - Which part of the brain reverses the upside down image?
- visual centers of the brain
- Three nerves that caryy impulses to the eyeball muscle?
- Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve
- Also known as cranial nerve III (3)?
- Oculomotor nerve
- Also known as cranial nerve V (5)?
- Trochlear nerve
- Also known as cranial nerve VI (6)?
- Abducens nerve
- The largest of the three motor nerves to the eye?
- Oculomotor nerve
- Supplies voluntary and involuntary motor impulses to all but two eye muscles?
- Oculomotor nerve
- Supplies the superior oblique extrinsic eye muscle?
- Trochlear nerve
- Supplies the lateral rectus extrinsic eye muscle?
- Abducens nerve
- What are the seven steps of vision? LICESOL (LYSOL:)
-
L= Light refracts
I= Iris adjusts the pupil
C=Ciliary adjusts the lens
E=Extrinsic convergence
S=Stimulates rods/cones (retina)
O=Optic nerve transmits impulse 2 brain
L=Lobe (occipital) interprets impulse - What is the cranial nerve II and what does it do?
- Optic nerve, transmits impulses received from the retina (rods/cones) to the brain
- The sense organ for both hearing and euqilibrium?
- The ear
-
Includes an outer projection and a canal ending at the membrane? (Ear) - Outer Ear
- An airspace containing three small bones in the ear?
- Middle Ear
- The most complex and contains the sensory receptors for hearing and equlibrium?
-
The inner ear - The portion of the ear that is visiible?
- Pinna or auricle
- The canal that leads from the pinna or auricle to deeper parts of the ear?
- External auditory canal or meatus (audi=sound, meatus, hole)
- Part of the external portion of the ear that directs sound into the ear?
- Pinna
- Contains many wax (ceruminous glands)?
- External auditory canal
- The wax in the ears is known as?
- cerumen
- The eardrum is also known as?
- Tympanic membrane
- Vibrates freely and is the boundary between the canal and the middle ear cavity?
- Typanic membrane (ear drum)
- Three small bones of the ear are known as?
- ossicles
- Ear bone shaped like a hammer?
- Malleus
- Ear bone shaped like an ANVIL?
- Incus
- Ear bone shaped like a stirrup or saddle?
- Stapes
- What are the functions of the ossicle in the ear?
- To amplify sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear
- Connects the middle ear cavity with the throat (pharynx)?
- Eustachian Tube
- The most important part of the ear is the internal portion or?
- Labyrinth
- The skeleton the the inner ear is called?
- Bony Labyrinth
- What are the three divisions of the bony labyrinth?
- Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
- Conists of two bony chambers that contain some of the receptors for equilibrium?
- Vestibule
- Three projecting tubes located toward the posterior?
- Semicircular canals
- Coiled like a snail shell and located twoard the anterior and contains the receptors for hearing?
- Cochlea (coc shell)
- The fluid of the bony labyrinth?
- Perilymph (peri-around)
- Whithin the bony labyrinth an exact replica of shell is made of?
- Membrane
- The tubes and chamers in the membrane within the bony labyrinth are?
- Membraneous labyrinth
- The membraneous labyrinth are filled with what type of fluid?
- Endolymph (Endo-within, inside)
- What is the structure of the fluids in the bony labyrinth?
-
Endolympth (inside)
Perilympth (around) - The organ of hearing (inner ear)?
- Organ of Corti
- Consists of ciliated receptor cells located inside the cochlea?
- organ of Corti
- The memraneous cochlea is also known as ?
- Cochlear duct
- Soundwaves enter the external ear canal and cause vibrations in the?
- Tympanic Membrane
- Ossicles amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane and finally transmit them from the stapes to?
- Oval window of the inner ear
- The cilia move back and forth against what membrane?
- Tectorial membrane
- The motion of the tectorial membrane sets up nerve impulses that travel to the brain in the?
- Cochlear nerve (branch of the eighth cranial nerve)
- Soundwaves leave the ear through another membrane-covered space in the bony labyrinth called?
- The Round Windoe
- Hearing receptors respond to what aspects of sound?
- Pitch (tone) and intensity (loudness)
- The organ of Corti's receptors in this area detect high pitch sounds?
- The base of the cochlea
- The organ of Corti's receptors in this area detect lower pitched sounds?
- The top of the cochlea
- Loud sounds stimulate more _____ and produce more________, sending more nerve impulses to the brain?
- Cells, vibrations
- What are the 8 steps in hearing?
-
1=Soundwaves enter ear
2=tympanic membrane vibrates
3=ossicles transmit vibrations across the middle ear cavity.
4=stapes transmits the vibrations to the inner ear fluid.
5=vibrations move cilia on hair cells of the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct.
6=movement against tectorial membrane generates nerve impulses.
7=impulses travel to the brain in the 8th cranial nerve.
8=temporal lobe cortex interprets the impulses. - Sensory receptors located in the vestibule and semicircular canal of the inner ear are responsible for?
- Equilibrium
- Receptors for the sense of equilibrium are also?
- ciliated cells
- Type of equilibrium with receptors in two small chambers of the vestibule, tilting head, moving in straight line, and in motorvehicle?
- Static equilibrium (Static means still)
- Receptor for equilibrium is called?
- Macula
- The fluid above the cilitated cells contain calcium carbonate crystalls called?
- Otoliths (oto=ear) (lith=stone)
- These receptors function when the body is spinning or moving in different directions?
- Cristae
- Type of equilibrium when the body is moving or spinning in different directions?
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Type of crystals located at the bases of the semi circular canals?
- Cristae
- Nerve fibers from the vestibule and semicircular canals form?
- The vestibular nerve
- This nerve joins the cochlear nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve?
- Vestibular nerve
- Where are the receptors for equilibrium located?
- The vestibule and semicircular canals
- What are two types of equilibrium?
- Static and dynamic
- The sense of taste is also known as?
- Gustation
- This sense involves receptors in the tongue and two different nerves that carry impulses to the brain?
- Tast or Gustation
- Taste receptors are known as?
- Taste Buds
- Taste Buds are located along the edges of the small depressed areas of the tongue called?
- Fissures
- What are the four different regions of the tongue taste map?
- Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter
- Sweet tastes are most acutely experienced in what region of the tongue?
- Tip of the tongue
- Salty tastes are most acute in what region of the tongue?
- Anterior sides (front)
- Sour tastes are most acute in what region of the tongue?
- Laterally on the tongue
- Bitter tastes are detected on what part of the tongue?
- Posterior part (Back)
- Water taste receptors are located where?
- In the back of the throat
- Nerves of taste are include what two cranial nerves?
- Facial VII (7) and glossopharyngeal IX (9)
- The sense of smell is called?
- Olfaction
- The receptors for smell are located in?
- The epithelium of the superor region of the nasal cavity
- Which nerve are the impulses for smell carried by?
- The olfactory nerve (I)
- The olfactory nerve travels to the?
- Olfactory center in the brains temporal cortex
- What are the special senses that respond to chemical stimuli?
- gustation and olfaction
- Type of senses located within specific sense organs, limited to a relatively small area?
- Special senses
- Type of general sense with receptors called tactile corpuscles?
- Touch
- Type of touch receptor found mostly in the dermins of the skin and around the hair line?
- Tactile corpuscles
- Tactile corpuscles are the most dense on what part of the body?
- Tips of fingers, lips and tongue
- Tactile corpuscles are least dense on what part of the body?
- Back of hand and back of neck
- The sensory end organs for pressure are located where?
- subcutaneous tissues beneath the skin, also near joints, muscles, and other deep tissues
- Sensory end organs for pressure are sometimes referred to as?
- Receptors for deep touch
- Temperature nerve endings are?
- Free nerve endings
- Receptors that are not enclosed in capsules, but are merely branchings of nerve fiber?
- Free nerve endings
- Free nerve endings are widely distributed in the?
- Skin
- Name the types of temperature receptors in the skin?
- Heat and cold receptors
- Receptors located in the muscles, tendons, and joints which relay impulses that aid in judging one's position and changes in loaction of body parts in relation to each other are?
- Proprioceptors
- Type of receptors aided in function by the equilibrium receptors of the internal ear?
- Proprioceptors
- Sense of movement is known as?
- Kinesthesia
- Cerebellum is the main coordinating center for this type of general sense receptor?
- Proprioceptors
- Is the most important protective sense?
- Pain
- Pain receptors are widely distributed?
- Free nerve endings
- How many pathways tranmit pain to the CNS?
- Two
- What type of pain does each pathway transmit?
-
One is for acute, sharp pain
The other is for slow chronic pain - Drugs that relieve pain?
- Analgesic drugs
- Two main categories of analgesic drugs?
- Nonnarcotic, Narcotics
- This type of analgesic drug acts locally to reduce inflammation and are effective for mile to moderate pain?
- Nonnarcotic drugs
- This type of analgesic drug act on the CNS to alter perception and response to pain?
- Narcotic drugs
- Type of analgesic drug commonly known as NSAIDS non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs?
- Nonnarcotic drugs
- Examples of nonnarcotic drugs are?
- Ibuprofin and naproxen
- Type of analgesic drug effective for severe pain, usually orally or IM?
- Narcotic drugs
- Morphine is an axample of what type of analgesic drug?
- Narcotic
- Although most commonly used to prevent pain during surgery, can also be used to relieve types of chronic pain?
- Anasthetics
- Natural pain relief associated with the control of pain, Internally released from the brain?
- Endorphins
- Other types of pain relief?
- Heat and cold therapy, and relaxation or distraction techniques
- The phenomenon when sensory receptors are exposed to continuous stimulus, receptors often adjust themselves so that the sensation becomes less acute?
- Sensory adaptation Ex: putting your hand in hot water, after your hand is acclimated the water feels less hot even if it not
- In sensory adaptation these receptors adapt rapidly?
- warmth, cold, and light pressure
- In sensory adaptation these receptors DO NOT adapt?
- Pain receptors
- The vasular pigmented middle tunic of the eyeball?
- Choroid
- A vision receptor that is sensitive to color?
- Cone
- The part of the eye that light rays pass through first as they enter the eye?
- Cornea
- The membrane that lines the eyelids?
- Conjuctiva
- Another name for the blind spot, the region where the optic nerve connects with the eyeball?
- Optic disk
- The innermost coat of the eyeball, the nervous tissue layer that includes the receptors for the sense of vision?
- Retina
- A vision receptor that function well in dim light?
- Rod
- The structure that alters the shape of the lens for accomodation?
- Ciliary muscle
- The watery fluid that fills much of the eyeball in front of the crystalline lens?
- Aqueous humor
- Two sets of muscle fibers that regulate the amount of light entering the eye?
- Iris
- The jelly-like material located behind the crystalline lens that maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball?
- Vitreous Body
- A pigment needed for vision?
- Rhodopsin
- The depressed are in the retina that is the point of the clearest vision?
- Fovea centralis
- The central opening of the iris?
- Pupil
- The fluid contained within the membraneous labyrinth of the inner ear?
- Endolympth
- The bone that ineracts with the tympanic membrane?
- Malleus
- Another name for the projecting part, auricle, of the ear?
- Pinna
- The channel connecting the middle ear cavity with the pharynx?
- Eustachian tube
- The fluid of the inner ear contained within the bony labyrinth and surroinding the membraneous labyrinth?
- Perilympth
- Ciliated receptor cells that detect sound waves?
- Organ of Corti
- The skeleton of the inner ear?
- Bony labyrinth
- The sense of knowing the position of the head in relation to gravity?
- Static equilibrium
- Small crystals that activate maculae?
- Otoliths
- The sense organ involved in dynamic equilibrium?
- Semicircular canals
- The receptor cells involved in dynamic equilibrium?
- Cristae
- Two small chambers containing maculae
- Vestibule
- The branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries hearing impulses?
- Cochlear nerve
- The nerve that carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain?
- Optic nerve
- The branch of the fifth cranial nerve that carries impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the eye to the brain?
- Ophthalmic nerve
- The largest of the three cranial nerves that carry motor fibers to the eyeball muscles?
- Oculomotor nerve
- The sense of knowing the position of one's body and the relativ positions of different muscles?
- Proprioception
- The sense of body movement?
- Kinesthesia
- Receptors that detect changes in temperature?
- Free nerve endings
- A person who lacks cones in the retina will experience?
- Color blindness
- The Organ of Corti is the receptor for?
- Hearing