DCOM Surface Anatomy Midterm
Terms
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- Plane that divides the body into right & left as it passes from front to back
- Sagittal Plane
- Plane that divides the body into front & back as it passes from side to side.
- Frontal or Coronal Plane
- Plane that divides the body into top & bottom as it passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body or a body segment.
-
Transverse Plane
or
Horizontal Plane - The end of a long bone made chiefly of cancellous (spongy) bone.
- Epiphysis
- A cartilaginous plate located between the epiphysis & the diaphysis & is where growth takes place.
- Epiphyseal Plate
- generally found toward the epiphysis & is arranged in a honeycombed or lattice fashion. It helps to conserve weight & absorb stress.
-
Cancellous Bone
Spongy Bone - The shaft of the bone. It is made of hard compact bone.
- Diaphysis
- Hard bone of the diaphysis that is deposited in layers. Denser & stronger & resists bending.
- Compact Bone
- A fibrous sheath around the bone
- Periosteum
- Joints that are very stable with no observable movement.
-
Fibrous Joints
Sutured Joints - Joints that are quite stable & provide for considerable movement. Fibrocartilage occupies the space between the bones providing shock absorption.
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Freely moving joints with space between the articular surface of the bones forming the joint, allowing a wide range of motion. They are classified by the number of axes about which they rotate.
- Synovial Joints
- Three forms of muscle tissue
-
1. skeletal
2. smooth
3. cardiac - striated, voluntary muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue. Present in many organs.
- Smooth
- striated, involuntary muscle tissue
- Cardiac
- Tough connective tissues that run from bone to bone. You can sprain these.
- Ligaments
- Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. You can strain these.
- Tendons
- Occupies the space between certain bones to form articular surface, e.g. disks between the vertebrae, the menisci of the knee. Functions as a shock absorber. Decrease wear & tear on bones.
- Fibrocartilage
- Liquid-filled membranes that protect soft tissues as they pass by bony projections.
- Bursae
- muscle contraction where its insertion is pulled towards its origin.
- Concentric Contraction
- muscle contraction wherein muscle tension is developed but no real movement takes place.
- Isometric contraction
- Contraction wherein the muscle develops tension, yet its length actually increases as when putting down a heavy load with controlled motion.
- Eccentric Contraction
- Three bones that form the shoulder.
-
scapula
clavicle
humerus - Term referring to the structure formed by the clavicle & scapula.
- shoulder girdle
- Term referring to the articulation of the humerus & scapula.
- Shoulder Joint
- Another term for the shoulder joint.
- Glenohumeral joint
- Ball & Socket joint that is the most freely moving joint in the whole body.
- Shoulder Joint
- Four attachements of the Trapezius
-
Clavicle
Base of Skull
Vertebrae
Spine of Scapula - Attachments of the Serratus Anterior?
-
First 8 ribs
&
Anterior Surface
of Scapula
(vertebral border) - Attachments of the Levator Scapula?
-
Upper 4 cervical vertebrae
Superior angle of the scapula - Attachments of the Rhomboids?
-
Upper 5 thoracic vertebrae
Vertebral border of the scapula - Attachments of the Pectoralis Minor?
-
Ribs 3 to 5
&
Coracoid process - 4 attachments of the trapezius.
-
clavicle
base of skull
vertebrae
scapular spine - attachments of the serratus anterior.
-
first 8 ribs
anterior scapular surface
(vertebral border) - 2 attachements of levator scapula
-
upper 4 cervical vertibrae
superior angle of scapula - 2 attachments of rhomboids
-
upper thoracic vertebrae
vertebral scapular border - 2 attachments of pectoralis minor.
-
ribs (3-5)
coracoid process - 3 attachments of pectoralis major
-
sternum
clavicle
humerus - 2 attachments of coracobrachialis
-
corocoid process
humerus - 4 attachments of litissimus dorsi.
-
lower thoracic vertebrae
all lumbar vertebrae
ilium
anterior humerus - 2 attachments of teres major
-
scapula: inferior angle
humerus - 2 attachments of teres minor
-
scapula: lateral border
humerus: lat. border (greater tuberosity) - 2 attachments of infraspinatus.
-
scapula: below spine
humerus: lat. border (greater tuberosity) - 2 attachments of subscapularis
-
scapula: anterior surface
humerus: lesser tuberosity - 2 attachments of supraspinatus
-
scapula: superior to spine
humerus: greater tuberosity -
Muscles of the Musculotendinous Cuff
AKA the Rotator Cuff -
SITS
Subscapularis
Infraspinatis
Teres Minor
Supraspinatus - 3 muscles that attach to the corocoid process.
-
biceps brachii
pectoralis minor
coracobrachialis - 2 attachements of brachioradialis
-
humerus: lateral epicondyle
lateral styloid process - 2 attachments of pronator teres
-
humerus: medial epicondyle
radius - common attachment point for all three sections of the triceps brachii.
- olecranon process
- 2 attachments of anconeus
-
humerus: lateral epicondyle
olecranon process - common attachment point for flexors of the wrist.
- humerus: medial epicondyle
- common proximal attachement for extensors of the wrist
- humerus: lateral epicondyle
- 3 muscles forming the hypothenar eminence.
-
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
opponens digiti minimi -
4 intrinsic muscles of the thumb.
AKA - thenar eminence -
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis - 3 attachments of sternocleidomastoid
-
sternum
clavicle
mastoid process - 2 attachments of scaleni
-
cervicle verebrae
first 2 ribs - 2 attachments of quadratus lumborum
-
lumbar vertebrae
iliac crest - 2 attachments of rectus abdominus
-
pubis
middle ribs - 2 attachements external obliques
-
ribs
iliac crest - The glenohumeral joint represents the articulation of ?
-
1. humerus
2. glenoid fossa - Muscle action of the deltoid.
- abduction
- Muscle action of the Teres Major?
- Inward rotaion of the humerus
- Muscle action of the Infraspinatus?
- Outward rotation of the humerus
- Muscle action of the Teres Minor?
- Outward rotation of the humerus
- Muscle actions of the subscapularis?
- Inward rotation of the humerus
- Muscle actions of the Supraspinatus?
-
abduction of the humerus &
outward rotation of the humerus - The humerus forms a deep articulation with what?
- the trochlear notch of the ulna.
- The head of the radius articulates with what?
- The capitulum of the humerus.
- The proximal radioulnar joint represents the articulation between?
-
the head of the radius &
the radial notch of the ulna - The distal radioulnar joint is formed by what articulation?
- the articulation between the head of the ulna & the ulnar notch of the radius
- Muscle actions of the Biceps Brachii?
- Flexion & Supination of the Elbow
- Muscle actions of the Brachialis?
- flexion
- Muscle actions of the pronator teres?
- Pronation
- Muscle actions of the triceps brachii?
- Extension
- Proximal Carpal Row (lateral to medial)?
- scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, & pisiform
- Distal Carpal Row (lateral to medial)?
- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, & hamate
- Where is the scaphoid process located?
- anatomical snuffbox
- The metacarpophalangeal joints are also known as?
- knuckles
- 3 flexors that attach to the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
-
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis - Common attachements of the extensors of the wrist?
- lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Extensors that attach to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
-
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Digitorum - Name the small fossa formed by tendons at the base of the dorsal thumb?
- Anatomical Snuffbox
- The spinal accessory nerve innervates?
- trapezius
- The thoracodorsal nerve innervates?
- lattisimus dorsi
- The dorsal scapular nerve innervates?
-
levator scapula &
rhomboids - Suprascapular nerve innervates?
-
Supraspinatus &
Infraspinatus - Long thoracic nerve innervates?
- serratus anterior
- Medial & lateral pectoral nerves innervate?
- pectoralis major & minor
- Axillary nerve innervates?
- deltoid & teres minor
- Subscapularis nerve innervates?
- subscapularis & teres major
- Radial nerve innervates?
-
posterior arm, forearm,
hand, & triceps - Musculocutaneous nerve innervates?
-
anterior arm, upper arm, &
biceps brachii - Median nerve innervates?
-
lateral 2/3 of anterior forearm
& hand - Ulnar nerve innervates?
-
medial 1/3 of anterior forearm
& hand - The axillary artery is the continuation of?
- the subclavian artery
- The brachial artery is a continuation of?
- subclavian artery
- The brachial artery branches into?
- radial & ulnar arteries
- How many bones in the vertebral column?
- 33
- Each vertebra in the spine is seperated by a disk of fibrocartilage, except....?
-
the vertebrae in the sacrum & coccyx
are fused together and thus have no
fibrocartilage - How many cervical vertebrae are there?
- 7
- The first cervical vertebrae is also called?
- atlas
- The second cervical vertebrae is also called?
- axis
- How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
- 12
- How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
- 5
- anterior and posterior articulations of the 2 hip bones?
-
anterior:pubis symphysis (with each other)
posterior:sacrum (each one with sacrum) - What three bones form the pelvis?
- ilium, ischium, & pubis
- The sacroiliac (SI) joint is the articulation between which 2 bones?
- sacrum & illium
- What represents the anterior connection of the 2 pelvic bones?
- pubic symphysis
- Attachments of the external oblique?
- ribs & iliac crest
- Attachments of the internal oblique?
- ribs & crest of ilium
- An exaggerated anterior curve of the spine?
- hyperlordosis
- An exaggerated posterior curve of the spine?
- hyperkyphosis
- Lateral deviations of the vertebral column?
- scoliosis