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WH2: Exam Vocab (18-25)

Terms

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Corporation
Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
Natural Rights
Rights that belonged to all humans from birth
Cult of Domesticity
Idealization of women and the home
Mutual-aid Societies
Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
Enlightened Despots
Absolute rulers who used their powers to bring about political and social change
Sati
Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre
Reich
Empire
Baroque
Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600's and 1700's
Secret Ballot
Ballots which allow people to cast their votes without announcing them publicly
Standard of Living
Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society
Electorate
Body of people allowed to vote
Enclosure
Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Turnpikes
Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them
Racism
Belief that one racial group is superior to another
Deforestation
Destruction of forest land
Concession
Special economic rights given to a foreign trader
Socialism
Idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens
Annexed
Added outright
Temperance movement
Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
Trade deficit
Situation in which a country imports more than it exports
Assembly Line
Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks
Federal Republic
With power divided between the federal, or national, government was the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, an idea borrowed from Montesquieu
Legitimacy
Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored
Protectorate
Country with its own government, but under the control of an outside power
Tenements
Multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments
Emancipation
Freeing the serfs
Universal Manhood Suffrage
Right of all adult men to vote
Ultraroyalists
King's supporters on the far right
Chancellor
Prime minister
Duma
Elected national legislature
Factories
Places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods
Proletariat
Working class
Peninsulares
Member of the highest class in Spain's colonies in America
Oligarchy
Government where the ruling power belongs to a few people
Ideologies
System of thought and belief
Rococo
Personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700's and featuring fancy design in the shape of leaves, shells, and scrolls
Truce
Temporary peace
Genocide
Deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group
Expansionism
Extending a nation's boundaries
Suffrage
The right to vote
Abdicated
Stepped down from power
Laissez Faire
A policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
Sphere of Influence
Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
Creoles
European-descended Latin Americans who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines
Missionary
Someone sent on a religious mission
Mestizos
People of Native American and European descent
Isolationism
Policy of limited involvement in world affairs
Imperialism
Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
Recession
A period of reduced economic activity
Abolitionist
One who fought for the end of slavery in the United States
Provisional
Temporary
Deficit Spending
A government's spending more money than it takes in
Capital Offenses
Crime punishable by death
Natural Laws
Laws that govern human nature
Bourgeoisie
Middle class
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Segregation
Separation of the races
Women's Suffrage
Women's right to vote
Extraterritoriality
Right of foreigners to be protected by laws of their own nation
Zemstovs
Elected assemblies
Repeal
Cancel
Cabinet
Parliamentary advisors to the king who originally met in a small room, or "a cabinet"
Absentee Landlords
One who owns a large estate but doesn't live there
Kulturkamph
"Battle for civilization"
Urban Renewal
Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
Philosophes
"Lovers of wisdom"; member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply methods of science to improve society's state
Premier
Prime minister
Social Gospel
A movement that urged Christians to social service
Secular
Non-religious
Smelt
Separate iron from its ore
Capital
Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories
Pasha
Provincial ruler in the Ottoman Empire
Labor Unions
Worker's organization
Means of Production
Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods
Blockade
Involves shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
Anarchists
People who want to abolish all government
Pogroms
Violent mob attacks on Jews
Indemnity
Payment for losses in war
Cartel
Association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets
Guerilla Warfare
Hit-and-run raids against the French (Spanish, guerrilla means "little war")
Annex
Take control of
Viceroy
Representative who ruled one of Spain's provinces in the Americas in the king's name; one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch
Purdah
Isolation of women in separate quarters
Rotten Boroughs
Rural town in England that sent members to Parliament despite having few or no voters
Plebiscite
A ballot in which voters would say yes or no
Mulattoes
People of African and European descent
Autonomy
Self rule
Kaiser
Emperor
Coalition
Alliances of various parties
Émigrés
Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
Libel
The knowing publication of false and damaging statements
Emigration
Movement away from their homeland
Utilitarianism
Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Realpolitik
Realistic politics based on the needs of the state
Anesthetic
Drug that prevents pain during surgery
Sepoy
Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English East India Company
Faction's
Small groups
Republic
A government not ruled by a monarch, but by elected representatives
Impressionism
School of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to fleeting visual impressions
Secede
Withdraw
Elite
Upper class
Social Welfare
Programs to help certain groups of people, from cheap transportation to electricity
Trade Surplus
Situation in which a country exports more than it imports
Colossus
Giant
Jihad
In Islam, an effort in God's service
Realism
Artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is
Stock
Shares in their companies, to investors
Interchangeable Parts
Identical components that could be used in place of one another
Censorship
Restricting access to ideas and information
Social Contract
An agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society
Salons
Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
Communism
A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable
Prime Minister
Head of the cabinet and leader of the majority party in Parliament and in time the chief official of the British Government
Dynamo
Machine that generates electricity
Popular Sovereignty
States all government power comes from the people
Penal Colonies
Special settlements for convicts
Free trade
Trade between countries without quotas, tariffs, or other restrictions
Physiocrats
Thinkers who focused on economic reforms; they also looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system
Germ Theory
Idea that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases
Urbanization
The movement of people to cities
Loyalists
Supporters of Britain

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