WH2: Exam Vocab (18-25)
Terms
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- Corporation
- Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
- Natural Rights
- Rights that belonged to all humans from birth
- Cult of Domesticity
- Idealization of women and the home
- Mutual-aid Societies
- Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
- Enlightened Despots
- Absolute rulers who used their powers to bring about political and social change
- Sati
- Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre
- Reich
- Empire
- Baroque
- Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600's and 1700's
- Secret Ballot
- Ballots which allow people to cast their votes without announcing them publicly
- Standard of Living
- Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society
- Electorate
- Body of people allowed to vote
- Enclosure
- Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
- Turnpikes
- Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them
- Racism
- Belief that one racial group is superior to another
- Deforestation
- Destruction of forest land
- Concession
- Special economic rights given to a foreign trader
- Socialism
- Idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens
- Annexed
- Added outright
- Temperance movement
- Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
- Trade deficit
- Situation in which a country imports more than it exports
- Assembly Line
- Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks
- Federal Republic
- With power divided between the federal, or national, government was the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, an idea borrowed from Montesquieu
- Legitimacy
- Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored
- Protectorate
- Country with its own government, but under the control of an outside power
- Tenements
- Multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments
- Emancipation
- Freeing the serfs
- Universal Manhood Suffrage
- Right of all adult men to vote
- Ultraroyalists
- King's supporters on the far right
- Chancellor
- Prime minister
- Duma
- Elected national legislature
- Factories
- Places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods
- Proletariat
- Working class
- Peninsulares
- Member of the highest class in Spain's colonies in America
- Oligarchy
- Government where the ruling power belongs to a few people
- Ideologies
- System of thought and belief
- Rococo
- Personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700's and featuring fancy design in the shape of leaves, shells, and scrolls
- Truce
- Temporary peace
- Genocide
- Deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group
- Expansionism
- Extending a nation's boundaries
- Suffrage
- The right to vote
- Abdicated
- Stepped down from power
- Laissez Faire
- A policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
- Sphere of Influence
- Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
- Creoles
- European-descended Latin Americans who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines
- Missionary
- Someone sent on a religious mission
- Mestizos
- People of Native American and European descent
- Isolationism
- Policy of limited involvement in world affairs
- Imperialism
- Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
- Recession
- A period of reduced economic activity
- Abolitionist
- One who fought for the end of slavery in the United States
- Provisional
- Temporary
- Deficit Spending
- A government's spending more money than it takes in
- Capital Offenses
- Crime punishable by death
- Natural Laws
- Laws that govern human nature
- Bourgeoisie
- Middle class
- Nationalism
- A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
- Segregation
- Separation of the races
- Women's Suffrage
- Women's right to vote
- Extraterritoriality
- Right of foreigners to be protected by laws of their own nation
- Zemstovs
- Elected assemblies
- Repeal
- Cancel
- Cabinet
- Parliamentary advisors to the king who originally met in a small room, or "a cabinet"
- Absentee Landlords
- One who owns a large estate but doesn't live there
- Kulturkamph
- "Battle for civilization"
- Urban Renewal
- Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
- Philosophes
- "Lovers of wisdom"; member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply methods of science to improve society's state
- Premier
- Prime minister
- Social Gospel
- A movement that urged Christians to social service
- Secular
- Non-religious
- Smelt
- Separate iron from its ore
- Capital
- Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories
- Pasha
- Provincial ruler in the Ottoman Empire
- Labor Unions
- Worker's organization
- Means of Production
- Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods
- Blockade
- Involves shutting off ports to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
- Anarchists
- People who want to abolish all government
- Pogroms
- Violent mob attacks on Jews
- Indemnity
- Payment for losses in war
- Cartel
- Association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets
- Guerilla Warfare
- Hit-and-run raids against the French (Spanish, guerrilla means "little war")
- Annex
- Take control of
- Viceroy
- Representative who ruled one of Spain's provinces in the Americas in the king's name; one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch
- Purdah
- Isolation of women in separate quarters
- Rotten Boroughs
- Rural town in England that sent members to Parliament despite having few or no voters
- Plebiscite
- A ballot in which voters would say yes or no
- Mulattoes
- People of African and European descent
- Autonomy
- Self rule
- Kaiser
- Emperor
- Coalition
- Alliances of various parties
- Émigrés
- Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
- Libel
- The knowing publication of false and damaging statements
- Emigration
- Movement away from their homeland
- Utilitarianism
- Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
- Realpolitik
- Realistic politics based on the needs of the state
- Anesthetic
- Drug that prevents pain during surgery
- Sepoy
- Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English East India Company
- Faction's
- Small groups
- Republic
- A government not ruled by a monarch, but by elected representatives
- Impressionism
- School of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to fleeting visual impressions
- Secede
- Withdraw
- Elite
- Upper class
- Social Welfare
- Programs to help certain groups of people, from cheap transportation to electricity
- Trade Surplus
- Situation in which a country exports more than it imports
- Colossus
- Giant
- Jihad
- In Islam, an effort in God's service
- Realism
- Artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is
- Stock
- Shares in their companies, to investors
- Interchangeable Parts
- Identical components that could be used in place of one another
- Censorship
- Restricting access to ideas and information
- Social Contract
- An agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society
- Salons
- Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas
- Communism
- A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable
- Prime Minister
- Head of the cabinet and leader of the majority party in Parliament and in time the chief official of the British Government
- Dynamo
- Machine that generates electricity
- Popular Sovereignty
- States all government power comes from the people
- Penal Colonies
- Special settlements for convicts
- Free trade
- Trade between countries without quotas, tariffs, or other restrictions
- Physiocrats
- Thinkers who focused on economic reforms; they also looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system
- Germ Theory
- Idea that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases
- Urbanization
- The movement of people to cities
- Loyalists
- Supporters of Britain