MH 21 and 22
Terms
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- Imperialism
- extending national power over other lands, peaked in the late 1800's
- Reasons for Imperialism
- Industry needed raw materials & new markets, Political - Gain advantage over rival nations. National prestige, Social Darwinism & racism, and Moral responsibility to "civilize" other races - "white man's burden" ,"White Man's Burden"
- French Indochina
- Vietnam, Laoes, and Cambodia were controlled by France and named French Indochina
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- led a revolt that the US colonized the Philippines
- Direct Rule
- local rulers were replaced by Westerners. This allowed more control by the ruling country
- Indirect Rule
- local rulers kept authority & status. This was easier & cost less, but became difficult if natives resisted colonization
- Muhammad Ali
- led Egypt to independence from the Ottoman Turks
- Suez Canal
- built by France to connect the Mediterranean & Red Seas
- The Mahdi
- "the guided one" who is believed to be the Messiah of Islam
- Charles Gordon
- led Christians & English citizens in the Sudan to safety
- Khartoum
- his army, & hundreds of African Christians were destroyed at this place
- Lord Kitchener
- retook the Sudan & avenge Gordon. he destroyed the Muslim army at the Battle of Omdurman
- Battle of Omdurman
- Muslim army was destroyed
- King Leopold II
- of Belgium colonized the Congo
- Belgian Congo
- colonized
- Boers
- Dutch settlers
- Cecil Rhodes
- the English governor of South Africa, incited a war w/ the Boers over control of Transvaal & the Orange Free State
- Guerilla warfare
- used by Boer that frustrated the English
- British East India Company
- privately owned, governed India
- Sepoys
- British officers & native soldiers
- Sepoy Mutiny
- Sepoys outnumbered the British but religious differences between Hindus & Muslims kept native Indians from working together
- Kanpur
- indians slaughtered 200 British civilians
- Queen Victoria, Empress of India
- appointed a viceroy (governor) under her control to administer India directly
- Viceroy
- governor
- Indian National Congress
- upper class of Indians
- Mohandas Gandhi
- began a movement for Indian independence thru non-violent resistance
- Non-violent resistance
- Mohandas Gandhi began a movement for Indian independence thru this
- Toussaint Louverture
- haiti became the 1st independent state after a slave revolt led by
- Miguel Hidalgo
- led revolutions throughout South America
- Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar
- led revolutions throughout South America
- Monroe Doctrine
- stated the Americas were closed to further European colonization
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
- ruled Mexico, His oppression led to a revolt in Texas
- Panama Canal
- the U.S. claimed the land needed to build this
- Opium War
- Several Chinese ships were destroyed, which led to the start of this war
- Treaty of Nanjing
- The British navy defeated China & the Qing emperor was forced to sign this
- Hong Kong
- started an uprising known as the Tai Ping Rebellion
- Tai Ping Rebellion
- enacted reforms based on Western ideas that were unpopular
- Ci Xi
- Tai Ping's aunt ordered his arrest, took control of the government, & ended the reforms
- Open Door Policy
- which would give all nations equal access to Chinese markets
- Boxer Rebellion
- killed thousands before being put down by armies from the U.S., Japan, & Europe
- Henry Pu Yi
- was exiled to Japan & Yuan established a military dictatorship to rule China
- Meiji Restoration and Constitution
- enlightened rule
- Manchuria
- an invasion launched by the Japanese
- Port Arthur
- Japan launched a surprise naval attack on the Russian fleet at this place