Western Studies Chapter 12
Terms
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- quipu
- knotted strings of different colors used by traders and Incan government officials to record information; knots stood for numbers
- population explosion
- created in Latin America as people move to the city as farming is too difficult
- Simon Bolivar
- first Latin American revolutionary leader
- tribute
- another word for taxes which could be food, cotton, gold or slaves
- runners
- used by the Incas as messengers to spread news at a rate of 250 miles a day
- Mexico City
- present day city formed by the Aztecs with floating gardens
- economy
- ways that goods and services are produced and made available to people
- caudillo
- a military officer who rules strictly
- Agustin de Iturbide
- officer in the Spanish army that declared Mexico independent
- invest
- to spend money to earn more money
- Moctezuma
- Aztec ruler who thought Cortes might be a god
- Quechua
- Incan language
- New Spain
- Mexico City is capital
- Night of Fire
- the first great fight for freedom in Latin America
- rural
- having to do with the countryside
- Samuel Zemurray
- Came from Russia to the United States and became a leading banana grower
- Mayan descent
- live mostly today in Central America and Mexico
- hacienda
- plantation owned by the Spanish settlers or the Catholic Church where Native Americans were forced to work
- Malinche
- daughter of an Aztec leader that was given to the Mayans as a slave and Cortes main translator
- urban
- having to do with cities
- Inti
- Sun god of the Incas who believed he was the parent and they were children of the sun
- encomienda
- the right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans; this right was granted to American settlers by the Spanish government
- revolution
- a political movement in which the people overthrow the government and set up another
- Central America
- home of ancient Mayan civilization
- Honduras
- present day country settled by the Mayas
- Aztec doctors
- made more than 1000 medicines from plants
- Dom Pedro
- Ruled the colony of Brazil and declared it independent
- Topa Inca
- he expanded the Incan empire until it was about 2500 miles long and was the son of Pachacuti
- campesinos
- a poor Latin American farmer
- Viracocha
- God of the Incas who was thought to be creator of all the people of the Andes
- Pizarro
- Spanish conquistador that captured most of the Incan empire
- hieroglyphics
- a system of writing using signs and symbols, used by the Maya and other cultures
- Cortes
- Spanish solider that conquered the Aztecs
- Pachacuti
- Ruler of the Incas and means he who shakes the earth
- Cuzco
- an Incan city in the Andes
- Tenochtitlan
- an ancient Aztec city known today as Mexico City which was built on an island
- aqueduct
- a pipe or channel used to carry water from a distant source to dry areas
- maize
- both the plant and the kernal of corn
- mestizo
- a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry living in the outskirts of Lima
- pok-ta-tok
- game played by the Mayas
- Jose de San Martin
- fought for freedom from the Spanish in Argentina, Chile and Peru
- Incan descent
- live mostly today in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile and Columbia
- Saint-Domingue
- French Carribean colony now known as Haiti
- Miguel Hidalgo
- he was a criollo priest and his revolution was known as the Cry of Dolores as he tried to free Mexico from the Spanish but he failed
- Line of Demarcation
- an imaginery line from the North Pole to the South Pole set forth in the 1494 Treaty of the Tordesillas; Spain had the right to settle and trade West of the line and Portugal had the right to settle and trade east of the line
- land
- one of Latin America's most important resources
- conquistador
- 16th century conquerors working for the Spanish government who were in charge of gaining land and wealth in the Americas
- Lima
- capital of Peru
- criollo
- a person born of Spanish parents born outside Spain; often among the best educated and wealthiest people in the Spanish colonies
- Christopher Columbus
- he knew the world was round and he reached the Americas in 1492
- Guatemala
- present day country settled by the Mayas
- astronomers
- both Mayas and Aztec predicted eclipses and movements of the planets