SOL Review
Terms
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- estates
- French social classes
- legitimacy
- hereditary right of a monarch to rule
- Napoleonic Code
- comprehensive and uniform system of laws establsihed for France by Napoleon
- Congress of Vienna
- series of meetings in 1814-1815 during which European leaders established long-lasting peace and security after Napoleon's defeat
- Tenochtitlan
- Aztec capital
- checks and balances
- measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others
- Mehmed II
- aka Mehmed the Conqueror, who conquered Constantinople in 1453, and opened it to citizens of many religions and backgrounds
- Babur
- brillant general who laid foundation for Mughal Empire
- Russification
- process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
- daimyo
- Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
- Charles I
- Stuart King of England, beheaded after English Civil War
- urbanization
- growth of cities and migration of people into them
- crop rotation
- system of growing a different crop in a field to ensure fertility
- enclosure
- fenced in fields of wealthy landowners to keep village farmers out
- Robespierre
- Jacobin leader who set out to wipe out every trace of France's past
- Oliver Cromwell
- Lord Protector; Puritan general in English Civil War
- constitutional monarchy
- system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law/constitution
- Mughal
- nomads who lived in Indian subcontinent and established powerful empire there
- Roundheads
- Puritan supporters of Oliver Cromwell
- Constantinople
- capital of Ottoman Empire, now known as Istanbul
- Jamestown
- Virginia colony founded 1607 following decree from King James to found colony in North America
- Battle of Trafalgar
- naval battle in 1805 in which Napoleon's navy was defeated by Lord Nelson
- coup d'etat
- sudden seizure of political power in a nation
- Esfahan
- Safavid capital that was a showplace for artisans
- Tennis Court Oath
- place where 3rd estate delegates held meeting and vowed to stay until establishment of new constitution after being locked out of their meeting
- Christopher Columbus
- In 1492 sailed west across Atlantic to find alternate route to Asia: explored San Salvador, Cuba, Hispaniola; made 4 trips
- Taj Mahal
- shrine built by Shah Jahan in India as a shrine to his wife
- Prince Henry
- Portugeuse royal aka as "the Navigator," who built school for explorers
- colony
- land controlled by another nation
- Akbar
- "Greatest One"; grandson of Babur; ruled with wisdom and tolerance
- Shah Jahan
- created the Taj Mahal as a shrine for his wife
- scorched earth policy
- practice of burning crops and killing livestock during war so enemy cannot live off the land
- nation-state
- political state whose people who share same language and culture
- balance of power
- political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
- jizya
- per capita tax on non-Muslim adult males to freely worship
- Shah Abbas
- helped create Safavid culture
- Pilgrims
- group of Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1620
- Ming Dynasty
- Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644; dominant power in Asia
- sultan
- "overlord"; title of Ottoman rulers
- Declaration of Independence
- written by Thomas Jefferson, reflected ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment
- Great Fear
- wave of panic that spread to French countryside after storming of the Bastille
- Isma'il
- founder of Shi'a Islam; known as religious tyrant who killed any citizen who didn't convert
- Dutch East India Company
- company founded in early 17th century to establish and direct trade throuhgout Asia
- God, glory, gold
- primary motives for exploration
- mercantilism
- economic policy under which nations sought to increase wealth & power by obtaining raw materials and selling finished product back to colony at higher price
- Reign of Terror
- period during which Robespierre ruled France
- Qing Dynasty
- China's last dynasty, ruled from 1644-1912 and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet
- Factory Act of 1819
- British act that exerted some control over child labor in some factory cities
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- French general who overthrew the Ditrectory, declared himself empror, and created French empire in Europe
- Waterloo
- 1815 battle in which armies of Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands defeated Napoleon
- Otto von Bismarck
- conservative Junker; prime minister instrumental in unification of Germany; master of realpolitik
- Louis XIV
- Bourbon king at time of French Revolution who was beheaded
- Zheng He
- Chinese Muslim admiral; led 7 exploratory voyages from 1405-1433 from southeast Asia to eastern Africa
- second estate
- comprised of French nobility
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- agreement between Spain and Portugal brokered by the pope that divided New World
- Indusrial Revolution
- shift, beginning in England, from goods produced at home to those produced in factories
- industrialization
- development of industries for the machine production of goods
- Sikh
- nonviolent religious group whose beliefs blend elements of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism
- Byzantine Empire
- conquered by Ottomans; primarily Greek Orthodox
- Timur the Lame
- Conqueror from Samarkand, who burned Baghdad, crushing Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara in 1402, halting expansion of Ottoman empire
- Concert of Europe
- series of alliances among European nations devised by Metternich to prevent outbreak of revolutions
- Tokugawa Shogumate
- dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867
- English Civil War
- conflict (1642-1649) in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of Englands monarchy
- shah
- hereditary monarch of Iran
- Invasion of Russia
- Napoleon's most diastrous military campaign: Russian winter forced Napoleon's retreat and lead to his downfall
- Vasco da Gama
- Portuguese explorer credited with giving Portugal direct sea route to India
- realpolitik
- "the politics of reality"--national success justified use of any means
- favorable balance of trade
- an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
- janissary
- member of elite fighting force, comprised of Christian slaves, in Ottoman empire
- Manchus
- native Manchurians who ruled China during Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) and expanded China's Borders
- compass
- instrument used to determine direction
- Bill of Rights
- first 10 amendments to the u.S. Consititution that portect citizens' basic rights and freedoms
- New France
- base of Frances colonial empire in North America
- New Netherland
- discovered by Henry Hudson for the Dutch; formed Dutch West India Company established to colonize the region and expand the fur trade
- Marie Antoinette
- wife of Louis XIV and daughter of Maria Theresa, empress of Austria; beheaded
- infidel
- one who doesn't believe in a certain religion; those that don't believe in Islam
- Safavid Empire
- Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia between 16th and 18th centuries
- Hernando Cortes
- Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
- blockade
- use of ships or troops to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region
- devshirme
- Ottoman policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers
- Montezuma
- Aztec emperor conquered by Hernando Cortes
- kaiser
- German emperor
- Francisco Pizarro
- Spanish conquistador who conquered Incas
- corporation
- business organization, run by professionals but owned by stockholders
- Osman
- most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans
- conservative
- 19th century; people, mainly nobles and wealthy landowners, who wanted to preserve traditional monarchies
- Suleyman the Lawgiver
- aka Suleyman the Magnificent; Ottoman ruler; great military leader, created law code, simplifiedsystem of taxation, reduced govt. bureaucracy
- Atahualpa
- Incan king conquered by Pizarro
- Junker
- strong conservative member of Prussia's wealthy landowning class
- third estate
- comprised of the middle class and peasants
- Metacom
- aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
- encomienda
- grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas that included right to use Native American laborers
- cabinet
- group of advisors or ministers chosen by head of country to help make government decisions
- Hundred Days
- brief period in 1815 in which Napoleon made last bid for power
- Puritans
- group of people seeking freedom from religious persecution in England
- Metternich
- Austrian chief minister who presided Congress of Vienna; proposed compensation, legitimacy, balance of power
- stock
- share of ownership in a business
- Balkans
- region southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and European part of Turkey
- Old Regime
- social and political system of France in which people were divided into three social classes or estates
- plebiscite
- direct vote in which a country's people can approve or reject a proposal
- laissez faire
- economic principle that government should not regulate business
- Garibaldi
- led Red Shirts; helped Cavour unite southern Italy
- sans-culottes
- radical group during French Revolution who wanted greater voice in government, lower prices, and end to food shortages
- Elba Island
- island off coast of Italy where NApoleon was sent into exile
- Restoration
- period following Protecorate in which English monarchy (Charles II) restored
- conquistador
- Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters
- nationalism
- belief that people should be loyal to their nation in which they share same language and culture
- first estate
- comprised of French clergy
- capitalism
- economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures for a profit
- lycee
- government-run public school in France
- emigre
- person who lives country for political reasons
- habeas corpus
- document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge to determine whether imprisonment is legal
- mestizo
- person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
- Louis-Napoleon
- nephew of Napoleon and a strong ruler under whose reign France prospered
- Constantinople
- now known as Istanbul; strategic capital of Ottoman Empire
- Holy Alliance
- league of European nations formed by leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after Congress of Vienna
- Aurangzeb
- Despotic ruler, whose strict laws led to divisions and decentralization of government in Mughal Empire
- federal system
- system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and number of individual states
- liberal
- 19th century; people, mainly middle class, who wanted political power to rest in elected parliaments, incorporating Enlightenment ideas
- Jacques Cartier
- French explorer who discovered Montreal and the St. Lawrence River
- French & Indian War
- conflict, known as Seven Years War in Europe, between Britain and France in 1754-1763 for control of territory in North America
- caravel
- sturdy ship with triangular sails that help vessel sail,effectively against wind
- Continental System
- Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and Europe in an effort to destry British economy
- Glorious Revolution
- bloodless overthrow of James II (English) to be replaced by William and Mary
- Eli Whitney
- invented the cotton gin
- astrolabe
- brass circle with rings marked off in degrees so ships captain could calculate latitude
- William and Mary
- ruled after Glorious Revolution; ruled under limited monarchy
- Bartolomeu Dias
- Portuguese explorer who sailed to Cape of Good Hope
- James Watt
- designed an efficient steam engine that provided a cheap convenient source of power
- Line of Demarcation
- imaginary longitudinal line drawn by pope to divide new lands claimed by Portugal from those claimed by Spain
- Ottoman
- follower of Osman (also called Othman)
- St. Helena Island
- remote island in South Atlantic where Napoleon was sent into secind exile and where he died
- Camillo di Cavour
- lead Italian unification; prime minister of Sardinia; drove Austrians out of Italy's noerthern provinces
- ghazi
- warrior for Islam
- Petition of Right
- document signed Charles I in 1628 that the monarch's power
- Columbian Exchange
- aka Global Exchange or Grand Exchange; global transfer of plants, animals, & diseases that occurred during European colonization of Americas
- joint-stock company
- business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share profits
- Guerilla warfare
- loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops
- Jacobin
- radical Frecn Revolution group led by Robespierre
- radical
- 19th century; people who favored drastcu change to extend democracy to all people
- Alexander II
- son of Czar Nicholas who tried to move Russia to modernization and social change; issued Edict of Emancipation that partially freed serfs