AP European History Fill-in Blank Review
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- __________ II, upon succession to the Austrian throne, eliminated most but not all of the reforms of his brother Joseph II.
- Leopold
- Because of the reluctance of universities to rapidly assimilate the new science, its pioneers established what have been termed "institutions of __________" that allowed information and ideas associated with the new science to be gathered, exchanged, and debated.
- sharing
- The British nobility consisted of about __________ families.
- 400
- On St. Bartholomew's Day, Catholics massacred 3,000 __________.
- Huguenots
- Sixteenth-century Puritans, known as __________, created an alternative national church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative elders.
- Presbyterians
- Bloody French peasant uprisings in the fourteenth century were known as __________.
- Jacquerie
- Anabaptists believed that __________ performed on a consenting adult conformed to Scripture and was more respectful of human freedom.
- baptism
- Because traders and merchants of one nation always wanted to break the monopoly of another, the eighteenth century was the "golden age of __________".
- smugglers
- The household mode of organization was known as the __________ economy.
- family
- The Council of __________ revised Church doctrine and condemned dogmatic Genevan Calvinism and Catholicism.
- Trent
- __________, though it had many adherents by the eve of the Thirty Years' War, had not been legally recognized by the Peace of Augsburg.
- Calvinism
- The eighteenth-century movement known as the __________ built upon the knowledge of groups associated with the new science.
- enlightenment
- In a practice known as __________, the Ottomans recruited their elite military forces from among Christian boys in the empire.
- devshirme
- The most famous baroque painter was Michelangelo __________.
- Caravaggio
- Martin __________ was considered by some to be Erasmus's theological successor and posted 95 theses against indulgences in 1517.
- Luther
- __________ was the daughter of Henry VIII and was considered one of Europe's most exemplary rulers.
- Elizabeth
- The single largest group in any city was composed of shopkeepers, wage earners, and __________.
- artisans
- The leader of the Netherlands resistance movement was William of __________.
- Orange
- The single most important invention of the Industrial Revolution was the __________ engine, which - slowly, at first - found widespread application in a variety of industries.
- steam
- By the time John Calvin died in __________ in 1564, the city had become a refuge for Protestants and a training ground for Protestant resistance to the Counter-Reformation.
- Geneva
- People who would sell their ideas, often improbable, to the highest bidder were known as __________.
- projectors
- Unlike Spinoza, Mendelsohn wished to advocate religious toleration while genuinely sustaining the traditional religious practices and faith of __________.
- Judaism
- Maria Theresa ruled the __________ Empire.
- Hapsburg
- Charles VI tried to ensure the future unity of the disparate Habsburg lands through a legal instrument called the __________.
- Pragmatic Sanction
- Cosmo de' __________ was the wealthiest Florentine and a natural statesman.
- Medici
- Jews who __________ to Christianity gained political and social rights.
- converted
- Emilie du Chatelet helped __________ write a French popularization of Newton's science, because she knew more about math than he did.
- Voltaire
- Julius came to be known as the "__________ pope," because he brought the Renaissance papacy to a peak of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue.
- warrior
- The process that introduced systematic observation of nature, a mathematically rational conception of the world, and significant new theories in astronomy is commonly referred to as "The __________."
- Scientific Revolution
- Pope Leo X initially gave King Henry VIII the title "__________" because of Henry's vocal anti-Protestantism.
- Defender of the Faith
- Sir Francis Drake's __________ of the globe between 1577 and 1580 was one in a series of dramatic demonstrations of English ascendancy on the high seas.
- The outbreak of the __________ Years' War in 1618 made the international dimension of the religious conflict clear.
- Joan of Arc was known as the "Maid of __________".
- Orleans
- Adam Smith is associated with __________ economic thought and policy.
- laissez-faire
- Ghengis __________ invaded Russia in 1223.
- Khan
- Ideas that were circulated in print became the basis for __________, the increasingly influential social force that came into existence sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.
- reform
- The British monarch during the American Revolution was King __________.
- George III
- Extreme Puritans, known as __________, wanted every congregation to be autonomous with neither episcopal nor presbyterian control.
- Congregationalists
- Papal power reached its height with the reign of Pope __________.
- Innocent III
- The western European family was conjugal, or __________; that is, it consisted of a father and a mother and two to four children who survived into adulthood.
- nuclear
- Giovanni Boccaccio wrote __________, his account of reactions to the Black Death.
- Decameron
- The __________ included the steppe region of what is today southern Russia.
- Golden Horde
- __________ and guns allowed Europeans to dominate the globe.
- Ships
- The Pacification of __________ followed the Spanish Fury and saw seven provinces (modern Netherlands) unify against Spain.
- Ghent
- The most profitable resource to be exported from the West Indies to Europe was __________.
- sugar
- The __________ was a separate community in which Jews were required to live.
- ghetto
- __________ embodied a return to figurative and architectural models drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world.
- neoclassicism
- In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu most admired the __________ constitution.
- British
- The __________ were French economic reformers who prized agriculture, and believed the role of government should be to protect private property so owners could use it freely.
- physiocrats
- Niccolò __________ wrote The Prince in 1513.
- Machiavelli
- Besides the Americas, France and Britain also fought for economic superiority of __________.
- India
- In the 1620s, a group of Protestant dissenters, feeling reformation would never go far enough in England, left the country and founded a new colony in __________.
- Plymouth
- Despite its spectacular political failure in the rest of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the king of __________ led an army to rescue Vienna from a Turkish siege in 1683.
- Poland
- __________ is the ability to act decisively and heroically.
- virtu
- The rising cost of __________ was an important reason European monarchs in the second half of the sixteenth century started needing more money.
- warfare
- In preindustrial Europe, a __________ was a person - either male or female - who was hired, often under a clear contract, to work for the head of the household in exchange for room, board, and wages.
- servant
- After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, __________ became, in Russian eyes, the "third Rome".
- Moscow
- __________ is a direct tax on the French peasantry.
- Taille
- The __________ is a large landed estate owned by persons originally born in Spain or persons of Spanish descent born in America.
- hacienda
- Rudolf __________ is considered the "father of German humanism".
- Agricola
- In April 1521, Luther refused to recant his beliefs in front of the __________.
- Diet of Worms
- Scientific __________ occurs when scientists draw and test hypotheses against empirical observations.
- induction
- Cervantes's most famous work is __________.
- Don Quixote
- The textbook discusses the guild for __________ as an example of a group that supported the Reformation for a variety of social, cultural, and (self-interested) economic reasons.
- printers
- __________ teaches that the efficacy of the Church's sacraments does not only lie in their true performance but also depends on the moral character of the clergy who administer them.
- Donatism
- In an attempt to unite the English people behind the war in Holland, and as a sign of good faith to Louis XIV, Charles II issued the __________ in 1672.
- Declaration of Indulgence
- In 1603, __________, the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, succeeded the childless Elizabeth to the throne of England.
- James
- Roughly 80 percent of the victims of witch-hunts were __________, most single and aged over 40.
- women
- Art historians use the term __________ to denote the style associated with seventeenth-century painting, sculpture, and architecture.
- baroque
- __________ closely identified God and nature and the spiritual and material worlds.
- Spinoza
- The belief that the God who created rational nature must also be rational, and the religion through which that God is worshiped should be rational is called __________.
- deism
- __________ were military brokers through which mercenary armies could be obtained.
- Condottieri
- __________ means "rebirth" in French and was considered by most scholars to be a time of transition from medieval to modern times.
- Renaissance
- The condemnation of __________ by Roman Catholic authorities in 1633 is the single most famous incident of conflict between modern science and religious institutions.
- Galileo
- In response to the __________ Act, American colonists agreed to refuse to import British goods.
- Stamp
- The War of the American Revolution effectively concluded in 1781 when the forces of George Washington defeated the army of Lord Cornwallis at __________.
- Yorktown
- The expanding literate public led to an increasingly influential social force called __________ .
- public opinion
- Diderot and d'Alembert published the __________, which was an important source of knowledge about eighteenth-century social and economic life.
- encyclopedia
- Prince Vladimir of __________ received delegations from multiple religious groups who wished Russia to adopt their beliefs.
- Kiev
- In the era of exploration that began in the fifteenth century, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts on the __________ Ocean, while the Spanish explored the Atlantic.
- Indian
- Copernicus adopted many elements of the Ptolemaic model, but transferred them to a __________ model that assumed that the Earth moved about the sun in a circle.
- heliocentric
- In 1700, approximately half the arable land in England was farmed by the open-field method. By the second half of the 18th century, the rising price of wheat encouraged landlords to consolidate or __________ their lands to increase production.
- enclose
- The __________ commanded an enormous empire in Peru.
- Incas
- One of the theoretical underpinnings of Louis XIV's absolutism was the concept of "divine right of kings," articulated most clearly by political theorist Bishop Jacques-Bénigne __________ .
- Bossuet
- Rousseau believed that __________ is more important than its individual members, because individuals are what they are only by virtue of their relationship to the larger community.
- society
- People involved in the movement for social reform called the __________ were among the few who considered change desirable.
- Enlightenment
- The election of __________ as Holy Roman Emperor sparked an international war.
- Ferdinand II
- The Treaty of __________ replaced the Bourbons of France on the Spanish throne.
- Utrecht
- In France there were about __________ nobles.
- 400,000
- Dramatists working in England at the same time as Shakespeare include Thomas Kyd and Christopher __________.
- Marlowe