Ch 15 sage notes
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- Bohemian phase
- begins with Defenestration of Prague-Protestant forces defeated and Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia
- Divine right of kings
- power of kings came from God
- Gustavus Adolphus
- King of Sweden-led army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia
- French Civil Wars
- 9 wars in last half of 16th century-power struggle between 3 noble families for Crown after death of Henry II
- War of the Three Henry's
- civil wars between Valois, Guise, and Bourbons
- Henry VII
- reduced influence of nobility through Star Chamber
- Encomienda system
- Spanish govt. sought to reduce savage exploration of Amerindians in Spanish empire-amerindians worked for owner for certain number of days per week but retained other parcels of land to work for themselves
- Defenestration of Prague
- HRE placed restrictions on Protestantism-2 HRE officials thrown out window and fell 70 feet into manure
- Alphonso d 'Albuquerque
- (1453-1515) laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism in 16th and 17th centuries-established strategy of making coastal regions a base to control Indian Ocean
- Hapsburg-Valois Wars
- (1519-1559) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended them (1559)-France kept the HRE from gaining hegemony in Germany, while inadvertently helping Lutheranism to spread-Spain defeated France for control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan
- Catherine de Medici
- dominated 3 sons (kings) fought hard to maintain Catholic control in France
- Edict of Nantes
- -Henry IV granted religious toleration of Huguenots
- Portugal
- sought all water trade route to Asia to tap spice trade-sought to find mystical Prester John for alliance against Muslims
- New Model Army
- army of Oliver Cromwell
- Philip II
- (1556-1598) father Charles V-fanatically sought to reimpose Catholicism in Europe-Golden Age of Spain-Escorial
- Diggers
- denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land
- Treaty of Westphalia
- ended Catholic Reformation in Germany-renewal of Peace of Augsburg-guaranteed Germany would remain divided for centuries-dissolution of HRE-France, Sweden, Brandenburg received territories and gained international stature-2 Hapsburg branches weakened
- Brazil
- Portugal's major colony in New World-large numbers of slaves-coffee, cotton, sugar
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- (1394-1460) financed numerous expeditions along West African coastline in hopes of finding gold
- Joint-stock companies
- investors pooled resources for a common purpose-early examples of capitalism
- Bartholomew Dias
- (1450-1500) rounded southern tip of Africa in 1488
- Bartholomew de las Casas
- (1474-1566) priest and former conquistador whose father accompanied Columbus on second voyage-proposed black slavery instead of Native Americans
- Edict of Restitution
- (1629) Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church
- Mestizos
- Spaniards married Amerindian women creating children of mixed white and Native American descent
- Creoles
- Spaniards born in New World to Spanish parents
- Rump Parliament
- : 1/5 of original Parliament members left over after Pride's Purge
- Potato
- from South America became important staple crop
- Cardinal Richelieu
- allied with Protestant forces to defeat HRE-his policies reflect Catholic France's paramount diplomatic concerns as political not religious
- Hanseatic League
- evolved from within German states in Middle Ages that eventually controlled trade in much of northern Europe well into 16th century-mercantile association of towns and cities
- God, glory, and gold
- primary motives of age of exploration and conquest
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castille and unified Spain together
- Spanish Armada
- 1588-Spain's attempt to invade England-Spain's navy lay in ruins: storm, England's better navy-rise of England as world naval power
- Mary Tudor
- Philip's wife tried to reimpose Catholicism in England-Elizabeth reversed her course in Elizabethan Settlement
- Francisco Pizarro
- (1478-1541) conquered Incan Empire along Andes mountains in Peru
- The Protectorate
- Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector-dictatorship-denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics-allowed Jews to return to England-invaded Ireland-conquered Scotland-no fun-regulate lives of English
- Francis Xavier
- led Jesuit missionaries to Asia where by 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan
- William of Orange
- led 17 provinces against Spanish Inquisition
- Ferdinand Magellan
- (1480-1521) ship first to circumnavigate globe-charted enormous size of Pacific Ocean
- United Provinces of the Netherlands
- formed in 1581-Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I-major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire
- Danish phase
- represented height of Catholic power during war
- James I
- since his reign a struggle between king and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties-believed in divine right of kings
- Smallpox
- biggest killer of Amerindians
- Price Revolution
- increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver
- Tomas de Torquemada
- Dominican monk-oversaw Inquisition
- Roundheads
- Calvinists opposed the king in English Civil War
- Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
- 1559-ended Hapsburg-Valois Wars
- Henry IV
- first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil Wars-gradual course to absolutism-politique-converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris
- Star Chamber
- nobles tried without jury, could not confront witnesses, and tortured
- Interregnum
- rule without king (1649-1660)
- Hermandades
- alliances of cities to oppose nobles-helped bring cities in line with royal authority
- Cavaliers
- supported king in English Civil War
- Pride's Purge
- elements of New Model Army removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from Parliament
- Old Imperialism
- characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations
- Spanish Netherlands
- 10 southern provinces remained under Spanish control (Belgium)
- Politique
- sought practical solutions
- Taille
- tax on land and property
- Charles V
- most powerful ruler in 16th century-controlled Austrian Hapsburg lands while ruled Spanish Empire-armies sacked Rome in 1527
- Hernando Cortes
- (1485-1547) conquered Aztecs in Mesoamerica
- Quakers
- believed in inner light-divine spark that existed in each person-rejected church authority-Pacifists-allowed women to play role in preaching
- Elizabeth I
- reversed Mary's course of Catholicism in Elizabethan Settlement-helped Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain
- Asiento
- slave trade
- Conversos
- Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism
- English Civil War
- Puritan Revolution
- Columbian Exchange
- exchange in ideas, plants, animals, and diseases between Americas and Europe
- Spanish Inquisition
- Isabella's idea-monarchy enforced authority of Catholic church
- War of the Roses
- (1455-1477) House of York vs. House of Lancaster-civil war to gain crown-York victoriousTudor dynasty
- St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
- marriage of Margaret Valois to Protestant Huguenot Henry of Navarre intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots-Henry of Guise had leader of Huguenot party murdered night before wedding-Catherine ordered massacre of Calvinists in response
- Dutch East India Company
- founded in 1602-became major force behind Dutch imperialism
- Maximilian I
- gained much territory in eastern France with marriage to Mary of Burgundy-sparked dynastic struggle between Valois and Hapsburgs
- Charles I
- successor of James I-believed in divine right of kings-dissolved Parliament twice
- Battle of Lepanto
- (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean
- Mercantilism
- developed in 17th century-goal is a self-sufficient economy-more exports than imports-limited resources-states should intervene to get largest part of limited resources-get more gold
- French phase
- International Phase
- Conquistadores
- Spanish who created empires by conquering Indians
- Concordat of Bologna
- (1516) king of France now had power to appoint bishops to French Church-major blow to papal influence in France
- Thirty Years' War
- most important war of 17th century-failure of Peace of Augsburg-actually achieves nothing
- Syphilis
- most significant disease transmitted to Europeans by Amerindians-affected thousands of people
- Reconquista
- 1492-goal to remove last of Moors and Jews and Christianize Spain-significant decline in Middle class
- Escorial
- new royal palace built in shape of grill to commemorate the martyrdom of St. Lawrence-symbolized Philip's power and commitment to Catholic crusade
- Amerigo Vespucci
- (1454-1512) explored Brazil-first European to realized that he had discovered continent in New World-America named after him
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- (1494) Spain sought to secure Columbus' discoveries in New World-New World divided between Spain and Portugal-Portugal given exclusive rights to slave trade-Spain west, Portugal east
- Swedish Phase
- Protestants liberated territory lost in Danish phase
- Commercial Revolution
- roots in Middle Ages-pop. growth-price revolution-increase in economic power-rise in capitalism
- Christopher Columbus
- (1451-1506) reached Bahamas believed to be Indies- 4 expeditions charted most of major islands in Caribbean and Honduras-ushered in era of European exploration and domination of New World
- Oliver Cromwell
- fiercely Puritan Independent and military leader of Roundheads-led New Model Army to victory
- Vasco de Gama
- (1469-1525) completed all water expedition to India in 1498-brought back Indian goods-blow to Italian monopoly of trade with Asia
- Albrecht von Wallenstein
- (1583-1634) mercenary general who was paid by emperor to fight for HRE-won important battles
- Levellers
- radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms
- Vasco Nunez de Balboa
- (1475-1517) discovered Pacific Ocean after crossing Isthmus of Panama in 1513