Ch 30 - History
Key terms and class notes, from my guide.
word doc: http://www.box.net/shared/jc3adkmpwk
word doc: http://www.box.net/shared/jc3adkmpwk
Terms
undefined, object
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- Sugar islands
- Islands know for producing sugar cane in west indies that EU powers fought voer
- Subic Bay
- Largest naval base in Asia that was est. in Philippines by US gov't; closed in 1990s
- Scorched-earth policy
- Tactic employed by guerilla Cubans to oust Spaniards from lands; burned all viable resources to try to starve SP out
- New York City
- Popular destination for Puerto Rican immigrants to US
- Remington
- Hearst sent this artist to Cuba to draw sketches that would make the situation seem bad
- Africa
- Partitioned in 1880s by EU ppl in a rush of colonial conquest
- Mahan
- Captain in navy who argued that control of sea was key to world dominance: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, stimulated naval race and American cries for a storng navy
- Foraker Act 1900
- Congress gave Puerto Ricans their own government, as a US territory
- Wheeler
- Confederate cavalry hero during Civil war who was given a command in Cuba, thus exemplifying how the "bloody chasm" was being closed
- Cuba
- Country in Caribbean oppressed by SP and hurt by US tariffs, so rebels started doing damage
- Taft
- Head of US gov in Philippines - Philippine Commission
- Dole
- Company that cans tropic fruits, esp. pineapple, and moved canning from HI->PI to save $$
- Josiah Strong
- Inspired missionaries w/ book Our Country: Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis, encouraged Americans to spread their religion and values abroad to "backward" ppl
- Big Sister
- Blaine as SecState under Garfield and Harrison argued for this policy to rally Latin American nations behind US so US would get trade rights
- Kipling
- Coined idea of White Man's burden to "civilize" ppl abroad
- dysentery, malaria, typhoid, yellow fever
- Four top diseases affecting US troops
- White man's burden
- Idea coined by Kipling that westerners had duty to civilize foreigners
- Yellow kid
- Cartoon that was as sensationalist as the journalism
- John Bull
- GB rep who shrugged off Olney's message, denied that Monroe Doctrine was relevant, said Venezuela was none of US's business
- Guantanamo
- US military base in Cuba
- Weyler
- SP general called the "butcher" who put troublesome citizens in reconcentration camps
- Leonard Wood
- Led Rough Riders into Cuba
- Dr. Walter Reed
- Conducted experiments about disease, esp. yellow fever and mosquitoes, using human test subjects
- Aguinaldo
- Leader of Filipino insurgents who initially helped US to beat SP
- China
- Weak, manipulated and controlled by JP, GE, and RU in 1890s
- Gloucester
- US warship that docked on PR's Guanica harbor and liberated the island from SP
- Dewey
- US naval leader who invaded Philippines on 5/1/1898 and easy squashed SP fleet there. Made a national hero
- Reconcentration camps
- SP General Weyler put troublesome Cubans in these places so they couldn't help rebels
- Hanna
- Backer of McKinley who initially opposed war but was eventually supportive of new plundering of PI for his own profit
- Samoan Islands
- Islands in South Pacific near which US and GE navies almost fought in 1889
- Cleveland
- US president who, during Venezuela conflict, got Congress to create commission of experts to figure out best Venezuela/GB boundary; when he died, some Latin American countries liked what he did to protect them and lowered flags to half mast
- Cervera
- SP admiral who led fleet to Cuba. Said that his ships were in bad condition and "flirting with suicide"
- William Jennings Bryan
- When treaty to end Spanish-American war deadlocked, he stepped in to support it b/c he argued that US already had the islands, but we need treaty to formally end war and get back to life
- Great Rapprochement
- Term for new friendliness btwn GB and US after Venezuela
- little brown brothers
- Taft's nickname for Filipinos
- Anti-Imperialist League
- Opposed US expansion, had lots of powerful ppl. Wanted US to focus at home, thought it was hypocritical to violate "consent of governed" philosophy
- Yellow journalism
- Sensational journalism, encouraged expansion and blew events out of proportion at times to promote the newspapers, which were competing for readers
- Monroe Doctrine
- Venezuela crisis increased prestige of this document, which was cited by the US
- Cleveland
- President who uncovered truth about most Hawaiians not really wanted to be part of US, but there wasn't much he could do at this point. He was eventually criticized for trying to stem the new Manifest destiny
- Colonies
- These are what you get from imperialism, they make good foreign markets and raw material providers
- Teller Amendment
- When Congress effectively declared war to free Cuba, it included this clause that said that after US kicked out SP, Cuba would be free
- Pearl Harbor
- Military base in Hawaii that the gov there gave to US in 1887 before it was a colony
- Theodore Roosevelt
- 2nd in command of Rough Riders, an important leading force, used connections to avoid physical standards and get his post
- El Caney, San Juan Hill
- Place in Cuba where Rough Riders famously charged, tho they took heavy casualties
- Insurrectos
- Rebels in Cuba who adopted a scorched-earth policy
- Kaiser Wilhelm II
- GE head of state, indirectly helped resolve Venezuela peacefully by distracting GB in Africa: he congratulated Boers in South Africa who captured an unauthorized GB raiding party
- Italy
- Country US almost fought after ppl form this country lynched in New Orleans 1892
- McKinley
- US president who didn't want war w/ Cuba, but US ppl did want war, and he decided to cave to will of ppl and ask Congress for war
- Leonard Wood
- Rough Rider leader, lead assault on yellow fever
- Rickover
- US admiral who led investigation into Maine accident in 1976 and said it was accident
- Valparaiso
- Port in Chile in which 2 American sailors killed in 1892, almost led to conflict, but Chileans finally agreed to pay indemnity
- Clarke Airfield
- Largest air base in Asia that was est. in Philippines by US gov't; closed in 1990s
- Patting the eagle's head
- Term for how GB regarded new era after the Venezuela crisis during which GB wanted to cultivate friendship w/ the US
- Pan-American Conference
- First one held in 1889, presided over by Blaine, meeting of ppl from across Americas for econ cooperation
- Imperialism
- Empire building - taking over land outside the country
- Root
- Took over War Dept., reorganized it, est'd War College. This all ultimately paid off for WWI
- Jingoism
- "We won't be disrespected by you foreign nations...we fight back!" or as the dictionary says: "Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy; chauvinistic patriotism."
- Twisting the lion's tail
- Term for how the US acted during the century before the Venezuela crisis when it liked to spar w/ GB
- Pribilof Islands
- Islands of coast of Alaska, US and CAN argued about seal hunting here in 1893, arbitrated
- Insular Cases
- Supreme Ct. decisions that decreed that the Constitution didn't hold in faraway colonies
- Philippine Commission
- US gov in PI created by McKinley, headed by Taft
- Hearst, Pulitzer
- "yellow press/journalism" ppl who created excited about expansion abroad. These two ppl competed for top readership
- Dupuy de Lôme
- SP minister in Washington who criticized McKinley in a letter that was leaked to press and published by Hearst; forced to resign
- Disease
- #1 cause of death for American troops - 5k vs. 400 from shooting
- Olney
- SecState under Cleveland who told British that by fighting w/ Venezuela over border issue, they were violating Monroe Doctrine, so GB needed to agree to arbitration; basically informed GB that US was now in charge
- Miles
- General who led US troops at Puerto Rico
- Queen Liliuokalani
- Leader in Hawaii who alarmed white planters with some autocracy and was ousted by US troops
- Blaine
- SecState under Garfield and Harrison, argued for "Big Sister" policy to rally Latin American nations behind US so US would get trade rights
- Maine
- US battleship stationed in Cuba that exploded in 1898; US investigations said it was a mine, SP said it was an internal accident (which was correct, history seems to tell)
- Steel navy
- This military development encouraged oversees advances
- Platt Amendment
- US forced Cuba to put this clause in its constitution that prohibited Cuba from owing too much foreign debt and allowed US to step in w/ troops as necessary to help out and keep order. Also, let US get station(s) in Cuba, ultimately Guantanamo
- Hearst
- Publisher, "yellow press", sent Remington to Cuba to draw sketches that would make the situation seem bad
- Hawaii
- Pacific island that was usually friendly to America, got treaties with us, was eventually taken by US after tiny minority of white planters wanted control, finally annexed 1900 under McKinley and got citizenship and territorial status
- McKinley
- Approved formal annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898
- The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783
- Book in which Mahan argued that control of sea was key to world dominance, stimulated naval race and American cries for a storng navy
- Citizen Kane
- Considered the best movie of all time, based on Hearst
- Venezuela
- Had disputed border w/ British Guiana, wanted arbitrations but GB didn't want to budge, esp. after they found gold in disputed area; GB eventually budged and situation was arbitrated, tho GB got most of what they wanted
- Hearst
- One of richest men ever in US, owned big newspapers across country, built castle in CA
- Splendid little war
- Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness
- Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico
- Three territories that US got from SP
- Shafter
- US general who led ill-prepared US troops into Cuba to drive out SP's Cervera
- Taino
- The native ppl from Cuba (the ____ Indians), enslaved by Spaniards in 1500s
- John Long
- Navy secretary who didn't dare leave his desk lest TR take control & issue orders;
- Rough Riders Brigade
- Regiment in US army that was ill-prepared, got name b/c it was a cavalry unit, led by Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt was #2 in command
- Long, Roosevelt
- Two men from navy dept who were responsible for naval readiness of US