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Page four

Terms

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Constantine (306-337 A.D.)
Roman emperor (312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made christianity a favored religion.
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
Confederation of 1867
Negotiated union of the formerly seperate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.
culture
Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology.
contract of indenture
A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
Cortes, Hernan (1485-1547)
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Cossacks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Constitutional Convention
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
Council of the Indies
The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites.
Cuban missile crisis (1962)
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Crusades (1095-1204)
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusads brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
coureurs des bois (runners of the woods)
French fur traders, many mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.
Confucius
Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.
cultural imperialism
Domination of one culture over another by a delinerate policy or by economic or technological superiority.
Daoism
Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi (604-531 B.C.). Daoism offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature.
Crystal Palace
Buiilding erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
Cyrus (600-530 B.C.)
Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Mede in his administration and respected the institutions and belifs of subject peoples.
conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.
cuneiform
A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined, to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes.
Cultural Revolution (China) (1966-1976)
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponets and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
daimyo
Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government.
colonialism
Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.
creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non-native peoples.
Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)
Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic establishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and th Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I.
Darius I (558-486 B.C.)
Third ruler of the Persian Empire (521-486 B.C.). He crushed the widespread initial reistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persoplis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece).

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