Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution for History of the Americas IB exam
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- Venustiano Carranza
- rebel to oust Huerta; attempts to make Constitution of 1917; northern rancher; US supported
- Porfirio Diaz
- dictator of Mexico for 34 years; maintained power through alliance with Church, army, foreign capitalists and landowners; peace and suppression; worked well with American businesses
- National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
- Calles' party; dominates politics from 1929 to 1938; selects and elects presidents; peacefully transfers power; grew and grew to Part of the Institutionalized Revolution
- Victoriano Huerta
- military commander to betray and overthrow Madero; similar to Diaz; porfirista
- Later effects of Mexican Revolution
- nationalism; nationalized economy; growing middle class; mass involvement in politics; rebirth of Mexican culture and patriotism; never had a lasting effect
- Obregon's reforms
- restores communal land holdings; redistributes land; increases literacy and education
- Lazaro Cardenas
- president 1934 to 1940; accelerates land distribution with 45 million acres going out; replaced Calles; transfers power to masses; nationalized railroads (1937) and oil companies (1938)
- Francisco Madero
- rebel to kick out Diaz and seize power; government lasts 15 months
- Francisco Villa (1877-1923)
- attacked Columbus, New Mexico on March 9, 1916; led rebellions in northern Mexico; represents peons and cowboys
- Peons
- peasants who worked on large ranches and haciendas; wanted their own land
- Problems with Villa and Zapata
- regional and social bases only; bandits; bought out
- Immediate effect of Mexican Revolution
- a million lives; ruined agrarian, ranching and mining economy;
- Importance of Constitution of 1917
- an effect of the Mexican Revolution; very modernizing; instigates reform
- Dwight W. Morrow
- US ambassador to Mexico starting 1927; improves Mexico-US relations
- Alvara Obregon
- general who overthrows Carranza in 1920 for moving too slowly with reforms; represents rising middle sectors
- Good Neighbor Policy
- President FDR's policy towards Latin America; asks for compensation for seizure of oil property; strengthens US-Mexico relations
- American opinion of Mexico
- American Catholics angry about Mexican treatment of The Church; US oil interests upset about Mexico's nationalizing oil properties
- General John Pershing
- US general who unsuccessfully pursues Villa in Mexico
- Francisco Madero's actions in office
- unprepared, vague platform; symbol of revolt; permitted open discussion
- Plan of San Luis Potosi (Oct. 1910)
- Francisco Madero's plan to overthrow Diaz
- Jose Vasconcelos
- Minister of education under Obregon; cultural nationalist
- President Wilson's action in Mexico
- won't recognize Huerta; sends in troops at Vera Cruz to keep European arms from Huerta and let US arms go to Carranza; "watchful waiting;" went after Villa;
- Important characteristics of Mexican Revolution
- stirring of the masses; social revolution; initially lacking in goals or reform; growing nationalism and antiforeign
- Mexican opinion of America
- bitter about Vera Cruz and villa persuit; feared "Yankee imperialism" and US economic power
- Plutarco Calles
- Mexican president after Obregon; continued reform; took on the Church
- Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919)
- led rebellions in southern Mexico; headed agrarian reform of returning land to peasants; illiterate peasant farmer
- Key points of Constitution of 1917
- Article 27: land reform and restricting foreign economic control; Article 123: labor reform; minimum wage; maximum hours; pensions; benefits; unionize and strike; Article 130: restricts Church and clergy
- Plan of Ayala (Nov. 1911)
- Emiliano Zapata's plan of seizing land from rich ranch owners and giving it to the poor people