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Barrons Chapter 5

Terms

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gerrymandering
the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular party or candidate
subsequent boundaries
boundary line established after an area has been settled that ocnsiders the social and cultural characteristics of the area
east/west divide
geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia
fragmented state
a state that is not a contiguous whole but rather separated parts
exclave
a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state
prorupted state
a state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main territory
domino theory
the idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse
law of the sea
law establishing states' rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources
common wealth of independent states
confederacy of independent states of the former soviet union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs
compact state
a state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions
states' rights
rights and power believed to be in the authority of the state rather than the federal government
political geography
the spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes
antecedent boundaries
a boundary line established before an area is populated
heartland theory
hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world
electoral college
a certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. the candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state
physical boundary
political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers
organization of petroleum exporting countries
an international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil
geometric boundary
political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines
microstate
a state or territory that is small in both population and area
international organization
an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination
nation-state
a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity
federalism
a system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government
territorial dispute
any dispute over land ownership
superimposed boundaries
boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern
landlocked state
a state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes
colonialism
the expansion and perpetuation of an empire
reapportionment
the process of a reallocation of electoral seats to defined territories
nation
tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes
north american free trade agreement
agreement signed on Jan. 1, 1994 that allows the opening of borders between the US, Mexico, and Canada
rimland theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest
elongated state
a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape
self-determination
the right of a nation to govern itself autonomously
state
a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community
centrifugal forces
forces that tend to divide a country
european union
international organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members
perforated state
a state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state
lebensraum
Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
united nations
a global supranational organization established at the end of world war II to foster international security and cooperation
theocracy
a state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders
confederation
a form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose
organic theory
the view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age
frontier
an area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land
popular vote
the tally of each individual's vote within a given geographic area
centripetal forces
forces that tend to unite or bind a country together
redistricting
the drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes
territorial organization
political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land
north atlantic treaty organization
an international organization that has joined together for military purposes
rectangular state
a state whose territory is rectangular in shape
north/south divide
the economice division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Japan, and Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America
supranational organization
organization of 3 or more states to promote shared objectives
electoral vote
the decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominiant views of that elector's state
nationalism
a sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others
geopolitics
the study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur
imperialism
the perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign

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