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Chapter 20

Terms

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Columbian exchange
the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas.
Montezuma II
the Aztec emperor who agreed to give Cortes a share of the empire's existing gold supply.
conquistadors
the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century.
capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.
Jamestown
a settlement in North America named in honor of King James
Christopher Columbus
Made a daring voyage from Spain in 1492 in search of an alternate trade route to Asia and its riches.
Atlantic slave trade
the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.
middle passage
the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves-so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade.
triangular trade
the transatlantic trading network along whcih slaves and other goods were carred between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in Americas.
mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver an by selling more goods than they bought.
Hernando Cortes
in 1519, he landed on the shores of Mexico. He went onto the American mainlands to claim new lands for Spain.
Commercial revolution
the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th century.
Francisco Pizarro
he conquered the Incan Empire in 1532.
French and Indian War
a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763.
mestizo
a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
encomienda
a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.

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