World History II SOL Review
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- Which religion is concentrated in Europe and the Middle East?
- Judaism
- Which religion dominates parts of Asia, northern Africa and the Middle East?
- Islam
- 4 Beliefs of Martin Luther
-
salvation by faith alone
Bible is the ultimate authority
All humans are equal before God
Indulgences should not be sold - What is the dominant religion of India?
- Hindu
- Where is Buddhism predominant?
- East and Southeast Asia
- This action began the Protestant reformation
- Luther's Posting of the 95 Theses
- Taught predestination, righteous life, work ethic in Geneva
- John Calvin
- Causes of the Protestant Reformation
-
selling indulgences and Church corruption
German and English nobility hated the power of the Church (their "money" going to Rome)
Church prohibited usury angering merchants - Reasons for the formation of the Anglican Church
- King Henry VIII wanted a divorce but the Catholic Church refused
- Church of England
- Anglican
- Royal family of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
- Hapsburg
- War of religion, which turned political, and was fought in Europe
- Thirty Years' War
- French Cardinal who increased the power of the monarchy and entered the Thirty Years' War
- Richelieu
- Huguenots
- French protestants/Calvinists
- Granted Huguenots freedom of worship
- Edict of Nantes
- Organization founded to spread Catholic doctrine
- Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
- Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority
- Catholic (Counter) Reformation
- Developed the European printing press
- Gutenberg
- 3 results of the Reformation
-
secularism
individualism
religious tolerance
capitalism - Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa to India
- Vasco da Gama
- Prince who developed a school to teach new navigational techniques
- Henry the Navigator
- Motives for Exploration
-
Gold, spices, natural resources
political and economic competition
improved navigational arts (astrolabe, caravels, etc.) - conquistador/conqueror of Mexico and the Aztecs
- Hernando Cortez
- ships were the first to circumnavigate the world
- Ferdinand Magellan
- English sailor, pirate who sailed along America's coast
- Francis Drake
- French explorer who sailed to Quebec
- Jacques Cartier
- Conquistador who defeated Incan civilization
- Francisco Pizarro
- Impact of Exploration on the Americas
-
influenced by Catholic and Protestant religions
killing of native populations
destruction of native economies
rigid class system in Latin America - These agricultural estates led to an increase in slavery and destroyed native economies
- plantations
- Exchange between Eastern and Western hemispheres because of the discovery of the Americas
- Columbian Exchange
- Products introduced to the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange
- horses, cattle, diseases (smallpox)
- Products introduced to Europe as a result of the Columbian Exchange
- corn, potatoes, tobacco
- trade between Africa, Americas, and Europe
- Triangle of Trade
- Mercantilism
- economic sytem adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficiet based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
- Copernicus
- developed the heliocentric theory
- discovered planetary motion
- Johannes Kepler
- Galileo
- used telescope to support heliocentricism
- discovered the laws of gravity
- Isaac Newton
- William Harvey
- disovered circulation of blood
- Characteristics include centralization of power and rule by divine right
- Absolute monarchs
- Divine right
- belief that kings were chosen by God to rule on his behalf
- Sun king, built Versailles palace, supreme example of absolutism
- Louis XIV
- Prussian monarch who emphasized military power
- Frederick the Great
- Russian tsar who attempted to expand and westernize Russia
- Peter the Great
- leader of the Puritan Revolution
- Oliver Cromwell
- Magna Carta
- limited the power of the English monarch over taxes; signed by King John
- name for when William and Mary came to England's throne
- Glorious Revolution
- Writer of Leviathan who believe that state must have central authority to manage behavior
- Thomas Hobbes
- wrote Two Treatises on Government stating that people are sovereign and that monarchs are not chosen by god; supported the Glorious Revolution
- John Locke
- wrote the Spirit of Laws which stated that governments should separate their powers (executive, judicial, legislative)
- Montesquieu
- wrote the Social Contract which stated that government is a contract between a ruler and the people
- Jean Jacques Rousseau
- philosophe who said that religous toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of Church and state
- Voltaire
- era of applying reaons to the human and natural world which helped fuel democratic revolutions
- Enlightenment
-
Influence of the Enlightenment
Influence of the Amer. Revolution
abuses of the Old Regime
Bankrupt royal treasury - Causes of the French Revolution
- Period in which the Committee of Public Safety ruled France and killed all possible opposition (internal enemies)
- Reign of Terror
- event that marked the symbollic beginning of the French Revolution
- Storming of the Bastille
- 2 Outcomes of the French Revolution
-
end of absolute monarchy
Rise of Napoleon - led successful slave revolt in Haiti against the French
- Toussaint L'Ouverture
- led many South American countries to independence; the great liberator
- Simon Bolivar
- name for the laws of Napoleon which greatly influenced future laws of Europe
- Napoleonic Code
- What happened to Europe as a result of Napoleon?
-
increased nationalism
Congress of Vienna - led by Klemens von Metternich it established a balance of power and restored the monarchies of Europe. It also redrew Europe's map
- Congress of Vienna
- legitimacy
- restoration of monarchs following Napoleon
- two competing philosophies following Napoleon
-
liberalism
conservatism - lead the Red Shirts; use of military helped unify norhtern and southern Italy
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- area controlled by the pope that was the last portion of Italy to be unified
- Papal States
- unified northern Italy and desired to build up Italy's industries
- Count Camillo Cavour
- Led Prussian unification movement; accomplished through warfare and nationalism
- Otto von Bismarck
- the ends (achieving and holding power) justify the means;Bismarck's policies, for example
- Realpolitik
- war between France and Germany that led to German unification
- Franco-Prussian War