Comm Exam
Terms
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- Sunshine Laws
- government meetings and documents are open to public
- Powerful Effects Theory
- Media has direct influence on people
- War of the Worlds
- 1/6 people thought it actually happened. 1 hour program. not most listened to show
- Hypodermic Needle Theory (Harold Lasswell)
- media injects us with info and we take it in and believe it
- Minimalists Effects Theory (Lazarsfeld)
- media have hardly any affect on people. voters are more influenced by other people than media
- Agenda Setting Theory (McComb & Shaw)
- Media doesnt tell people what to think, but what to think about
- Cumulative Effect THeory (Neumann)
- Media influence is gradual over time, increases
- Spiral of Silence
- vocal majority intimidates the minority into silence
- Consistency Theory
- People choose media messages consistent with their views and values
- Individual Selectivity
- Selective exposure, perception, retention/recall
- Cultivation Theory (Gerbner, Gross, Signorielli)
- Media is the primary means for learning about other cultures
- Bobo Doll (Albert Bandura)
- Exposure to violence on TV may make children more violent and aggressive
- Catalytic Theory
- Violent people are drawn to violent movies
- Desensitization Theory
- We build up a tolerance towards violence. become more used to it.
- Information pollution
- tons of media available with no sense of order or priority, media gives you info to confuse you
- Uses and Gratifications
- theory that people choose media that meet their needs, interests
- Surveillance Function
- media provide information on what's going on
- Socialization Function
- media help people fit into society, people mingle and socialize about media
- Diversion Function
- Media entertainment. stimulation relaxation or emotional release from every day
- Selective Exposure
- people choose some media messages over others
- Selective Perception
- people tend to hear what they want or expect to hear
- Selective retention
- people retain some things and not others
- Selective Recall
- people recollect some things and not others
- Socialization
- learning to fit into society
- Historical Transmission
- communication of cultural values to later generations. oral, written, recorded
- Paul Lazarsfeld
- found voters more influenced by other people than media. Minimalist Effects Theory
- two step flow
- media effects on individuals are through opinion leaders (people they know and respect)
- Marshall McLuhan
- said media alienates humans. alienation-dissatisfaction with individual and cultural deviations from basic nature
- Schenck vs. United States
- handed out leaflets telling people not to be involved with war. violated 13th amendment. he lost court case
- Benjamin Gitlow vs. New York
- he published "Left Wing Manifesto", arrested because it was a Socialist paper, lost case
- Near vs. Minnesota
- shut down Saturday Press paper
- prior restraint
- a court order banning publication of unpublished material. prohibits expression before it is made
- Public endangerment
- yelling "fire" in a theater
- National Security
- Pentagon Papers leaked to NY Times, they published excerpts, court ruled in favor on NY Times, prior restraint wasnt established
- Incitement Standard
- 4 part test that replaced the "clear and present danger" test. government cant prohibit expression of an idea because society deems it offensive
- Defamation
- Libel-written Slander-spoken
- Freedom of Information Act
- restrictions on Sunshine laws=National security, trade secrets, medical and personnel files, police files
- Orson Welles
- his radio drama cast doubt on powerful effects theory
- Walter Lippmann
- his Public Opinion book assumed powerful media effects. we dont see the world as reality, but as "pictures in our heads"
- Harold Lasswell
- studied ww2 propaganda. his mass communication model assumed powerful effects theory
- Wilbur Schramm
- tv has minimal effects on children
- narcoticizing dysfuntion
- people think their involved when their only informed
- Hadley Cantril
- said there is less media than had been thought
- multistep flow
- media effects come through complex relationships
- aggressive stimulation
- people are inspired to violence from media depictions
- George Gerbner
- said that democracy is endangered by media violence
- William McQuire
- found most media violence research flawed
- Violence Assessment Monitoring Project
- conducted nonviolence studies and found less serious media depictions than earlier thought
- Robert Park
- argued that media create awareness
- media induced passivity
- media entice people away from social involvement
- kitsch (Dwight Macdonald said all pop art is this)
- word for trendy, trashy, low art
- Herbert Gans
- created continuum of high middle and low culture audiences
- Susan Sontag
- saw cultural social value in pop art
- cognitive dissonance
- occurs when people realize their values are inconsistent
- detribalization
- removal of humankind from natural tribal state
- retribalization
- restoring of humankind to natural tribal state
- global village
- connection of every human being
- first amendment
- bans government from limiting free expression. James Madison is author
- Benjamin Gitlow
- his appeal resulted in a ban on state laws that restrict freedom of expression
- Jay Near. Howard Guilford was his colleague in producing Saturday Press
- his appeal resulted in a strong ruling against government prior restraint on expression
- Robert McCormick
- Chicago Tribune publisher who supported Near v. Minnesota appeal
- American Civil Liberties Union
- backed near vs. Minnesota
- TPM standard
- government control time place and manner of expression
- Joey Johnson
- flag burning protester whose conviction was overturned because of first amendment
- New York Times vs. Sullivan
- public figures can only win libel suits under extreme circumstances
- reckless disregard
- supreme court language for a situation in which public figures may sue for libel
- Cherry Sisters
- sued paper for neg comments. they lost case.
- Dorothy Barber
- successfully sued when photos of her in the hospital were published
- Onassis v. Galella
- she success sued photography for harrassment of her and children