Units 1-5 Psych MIDTERM07

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5 perspectives are..?: neuroscience, psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive
neuroscience perspective: for every behavior/action >>corresponding physical/chemical events that occur in the brain
psychodynamic perspective: unconscious forces effect on behavior, unconscious drives.. Freud
behavioral perspective: only study what's observable, behavior = responses to stimuli
humanistic perspective: whole person is important--including individual subjective experiences; ppl are naturally good, society ruins it..
cognitive perspective: "conocer" how we think/how we come to know, ie artificial intelligence
2 types of research: 1. Basic: not sure, don't know what exactly is going to come out of it
2. Applied: purposeful, specific problem to solve
proffesion organization for psych ppl is?: APA: American Psychological Assosciation--posted info, psych community, regulations
3 types of research: 1. Descriptive: describe the systematic observation +/or data collection ie case studies, surveys
2. Correlation: more focused>>find relationships (-1 0 +1) b/w variables -- statistics, NOT cause & effect
3. Experimental: most focused>> find connections b/w variables then manipulate--scientist actively controls the situation
theory vs hypothesis operational definition: theory is an idea based fr...
hypothesis is testable
*"operational definition"=your procedure
lab vs field research: more control in lab vs more natural in field research
3 methods of psych measurement: self-reports: ppl document themselves, possibly misjudged/estimated
behavioral observation: observing/reading someone's behavior, assumptions made to connect actions w meaning
archival research: collecting/analyzing years of activity that's already occured, hence uninfluenced by presence of person
independent vs dependent variable: independent variable>>difference, or manipulated
dependent variable>>being measured
other scientific method important things: random sample, exp + control situations, random assignments, replication, generalizability
ethics: humans or animals
>>privacy, pain/discomfort, deception
Genie!: -primarily descriptive research
-tests: sleep spindles (retarded fr birth?), mental tests high, word pairing/flashcards, ability to form relationships + progression *also David Rigler's wife--seeing if she could remember her past
-difficulties: ethics, lawsuit, loss of funding, don't know if she was retarded fr birth, forbidden experiment, research mixed w treatment
Miligram's experiment!: goal: compare obediance in Us to that of Germany--Hitler..
Setup: miligram in complete control of situation, manipulated place/complaints/ whether u could see him..
Data: measured obediance to authority according to what level volts the teacher would go to + observe their behav
*never went to Germany
who was Pavlov-- what did he do?: noticed dogs salivating b/f receiving actual food >> discovered classical conditioning >> gets dogs to salivate to a bell
acquisition: the formation of a learned responses to a stimulus
extinction: if conditioned stimulus (CS) freq. occus w/o US >> its response-eliciting ability is lost
generalization: after conditioned to respond to one stiumulus, the CS is slightly tweaked but subj has same CR ie Little Albert
discrimination: the ability to tell the difference b/w different stimuli
how to classically condition: Before
US >> UR
NS >> nothing

pairing:
US + NS >> UR

after:
CS >> CR
biological preparedness: every animal is biologically prepared by evolution to learn some things better than others
cognitive representations: subject must learn one event signals the next >> there must b a reliable predictive relationship b/w CS + US
operant conditioning: trying to in/decrease behavior through reinforcement or punishment
+/- reinforcement/punishment >>4 types of consequences: + adding - subtracting/taking away
reinforcement: increase behavior
punishment: decrease behavior

*main principles of behaviorism
4 types of schedules of reinforcement: fixed: set vs. variable: average
ratio: # reps vs. interval: time

*fixed ratio=for every 2 As, $25
*variable ratio=avg of $25 for every 2 As
*fixed interval=every week of school, $25
*variable interval=every week of school, an average of $25
locus of control: internal: you control
external: destiny, fate
observational learning: when one learns by observing + modeling the behav of others ie Bobo doll study
Skinner: operational condictioning!!
ie training pidgeons, air crib for his baby Deborah, teaching machine
neuroscience vs behavioralism: neuroscience: neuromarketing, mirror neurons, how the brain responds to advertizing, thought/feeling > corresponding phys/chem event in brain

behav: observational learning, imitating others+ seeing the conseqs of their behav, classical cond
Divisions of nervous system: central (location): spinal cord + brain
peripheral (function): autonomic + somatic

autonomic: parasympthatic + sympathetic
autonomic somatic: autonomic (self-regulated actions of organs + glands): divided further into sympathetic--energizing and parasympathetic--calming

somatic (voluntary movemetns of skeletal muscles)
sensory neurons: neurons that send signals from the senses, skin, muscles, + internal organs to the CNS
motor neurons: neurons that transmit commands from the CNS to the muscles, glands, and organs
how the neuron functions (use vocab): signal passes through synapse to dendrites of the neuron through the axon (covered w myelin sheath insulator) to the axon terminals
next, once the neuron has reached its threshold (all or nothing law)>> action potential and goes from resting to firing
how synapses + neurotransmitters function (use vocab): axon terminals have vesicles containing nuerotransmitters that must cross the synapse to receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron
*excitatory neurotransmitters>fits into the receptors + exites the next cell
*inhibitory neurotransmitters>blocks/inhibits the next cell fr firing, needed to control amount of firing
GABA: epilepsy/seizures involve uncontrollable firing in the brain, lack of inhib neurotr.s>> Jason given anticonulsant drugs to increase GABA to act as inhib.
endorphins: naturally released when body experiences pain, really happy emotions, or prolonged exercise >> inhibitory neurotransmitters, stop pain messages making you feel like in a euphoria ~effects as morphine
brain research techniques: electrodes>>ie determine where seizures are occuring to remove it in surgery **electrodes record a sketch of the brain on paper--EEG
brain imaging>>ie MRI for 3D images, PET show diff areas light up during diff activities (split brain patients)
Brain stem (parts + functions): Pons>sleep + arousal
Medulla>vital involuntary functions
(Reticular formation)
Cerebellum>motor coordination
Midbrain (parts + functions): aka limbic system!!!
thalamus>sensory relay station
hypothalamus>regulates glands, autonomic NS
hippocampus>memory formation
(amygdala>fear, anger, agression)
Cerebral cortex -each lobe + its cortexs/functions: 4 lobes>>
Frontal lobe: motor cortex (motion), assosciation cortex (integrating info), Broca's area
Temporal lobe: auditory cortex (hearing), Wernicke's area
Parietal lobe: somatosensory cortex (feeling your body), assosciation cortex (depth)
Occipital lobe: visual cortex (vision)
Phineas Gage: -severing his frontal lobe + limbic system
>>no pain: perhaps endorphins blocked substance P from firing nerve cells
>>limbic firing messages + then uninhibited by frontal lobe
-not himself, weak on right side, affinity for animals
neural disorders: hydroencephelitis: "water brain swelling" ie Sharon + Nicole, same damage, diff effects>>plasticity

epilepsy: seizures, electrical storm, lack of inhib neurotransmitters--uncontrollable firing
Split-brain research: >>by seeing which parts light up during which activities>> determine diff specialties of each hemi of brain (aka celebral lateralization)

--severed corpus callosum
left brain: mostly language (reading, writing, speaking), sees parts, logic, math, analogies
-corr. w right hand + visual field
right brain: holistic, creative, visual-spatial, music, art, recognition of faces/emotions, drawing 3D objects
-corr. w left hand + vidual field
perceptual process: stimulus-sensation-perception
*ppl may percieve w/o awareness ie blindsight
*stimulus--acually seeing the light
haptic system: touch: senses:
>>pain
>>warm/cold
>>pressure/equilibrium/kinesthesia
proprioception -define -includes..: perception of oneself
=pressure + equilibrium + kinesthesia

**kinesthesia= feeling stretching/contracting of muscles + tendons to determine position or load
visual pathway to brain: light enters eye through pupil + forms upside down backwards on the retina >>sent as a signal by optic nerve through the optic chaism >>to visual cortex where feature detectors recognize lines + movement >> then to parietal cotex to det. depth + relative location >> then to temporal lobe for identity >> then to frontal lobe for face recognition + short term memory
prosopagnosia: a condition due to damage to temporal lobes where a person has face recognition issues
>>still effected by faces, + moreso by familiar faces
blindsight: a condition due to damage to visual cortex where a person encodes visual info w/o awareness
>>actually can see, just not aware
Freud: dreams=wish fullfillment
-manifest vs latent (uncons) content
-id: animal drives, ego: rational self, super ego: conscious
-driven by uncons drives

*opposite of Hobson + McCarly's activation synthesis theory
rods vs cones: *both found in retina
rods: b-w light
cones: color
rules of perception/vision >>>know these!: perceptual organization: figure/ground + Gestalt rules of grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common fate)

Perceptual constancy: size + shape

Depth + Demension: binocular depth cues (convergence, binocular disparity), monocular depth cues (relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, interposition, atmos persp, relative elevation, familiarity)

Perceptual set
NEXT: study unit5 in detail -then 3 sits for essay 1 -opinions for essays 2 + 3: goooooood luck
chill.

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