Psychology Chapter 1
Terms
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- 1879
- beginning of psychology as a modern lab science
- health psychologist
- ps examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health
- "Peri Psyches"
- Aristotle's "About the Mind"
- principle
- a rule or law (allow prediction)
- sociology, psychology, economics, anthropology, political science, history
- social sciences
- humanistic perspective
- p believes personal experiences are most important aspect of psychology, free to choose own behavior! (unlike behaviorism) inner experience
- John Watson
- formed behaviorism
- functionalism
- emphasizes the purpose of behavior and mental processes, how mental processes help organisms adapt to environment
- behavior
- any action that other people can observe or measure
- introspection
- "looking within" examining our thoughts and feelings to learn about ourselves; by Plato
- biology, physics, chemistry
- natural sciences
- basic research
- has no immediate application and is done for its own sake (eventually put into practice)
- biological perspective
- p emphasizes the influence of biology(hormones, health, chemicals) on our behavior (roots in associationism)
- water float test
- if you drowned you were human, if you floated you're a witch and would be burnt at the stake.
- William James
- said experience is a continuous "stream of consciousness"
- The Middle Ages
- believed agitation and confusion were possession by demons, punishment for sins, deals with the devil
- cognitive activities
- mental processes (private)
- humanistic perspective
- p stresses human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness and the capacity to make choices
- social learning theory
- p suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones
- experimentation
- testing and applying research
- Sigmund Freud
- formed the school of psychoanalysis
- Sir Isaac Newton
- formulated laws of gravity and motion
- Hippocrates
- Greek who suggested behavior problems are caused by abnormalities in the brain
- school psychologist
- ps identify and help students with problems that interfere with learning
- behaviorism
- scientific study of observable behavior (limited to observable, measurable events)
- Principles of Psychology
- written to describe relationships between experience and behavior
- theory
- a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do (allow prediction)
- consumer psychologist
- ps study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict their behavior
- social psychologist
- ps concerned with people's behavior in social situations
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- suggested Earth orbits the sun
- cognitive perspective
- p influenced by computer science, working memories and storage facilities, retrieving data. strategies for solving problems
- psychoanalysis
- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts
- 1800s
- Birth of modern psychology
- cognitive perspective
- p emphasizes the role that thoughts play in determining behavior (roots in "Know Thyself", introspection, structuralism, functionalism, and gestalt psychology)
- ancient greece
- first roots of psychology
- personality psychologist
- ps identify characteristics or traits (also, gender roles)
- forensic psychologist
- ps work within the criminal justice system
- associationism
- a learned connection between 2 ideas or events, scientific approaches, how experiences often remind us of similar ones in the past
- developmental psychologist
- ps study changes that occur throughout a person's life span
- structuralism
- maintains that conscious experiences break down into objective sensations and subjective feelings
- gestalt
- "shape"
- counseling psychologist
- ps treat people with adjustment problems and less serious disorders
- psychodynamic thinking
- most of what fills an individual's mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes
- Greeks
- Believed behavioral problems were the cause of gods who smite people
- learning perspective
- p emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior
- psychological construct
- used by researchers to learn more about human behavior. used to talk about something we cannot see, touch, or measure directly
- evolutionary perspective
- p focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes (hereditary basis, inherited tendancies)
- psychology
- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- subjective feeling
- thinking about how good a apple tastes
- sociocultural perspective
- p studies the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio-economic status on behaviors and mental processes
- educational psychologist
- ps help students reach their potential
- Aristotle
- Plato's student;outlined associationism
- Wilhelm Wundt
- formed structuralism
- Kenneth Clark
- African American psychologist who studied prejudice and discrimination
- "Know Thyself"
- said by Socrates about examining our thoughts and feelings
- psychoanalytic perspective
- p stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior, less on unconscious secual aggressive impulses and more on conscious choice and self-direction (unconscious anger and feelings)
- William James
- formed functionalism
- John Locke
- intelligence is not inborn but is learned from experience (associationism)
- B.F. Skinner
- formed reinforcement (people/animals are persuaded into acting certain ways)
- experimental (biological) psychologist
- ps conduct research into basic processes such as the functions of the nervous system
- Antoine Lavousier
- founded chemistry and explained how animals and plants use oxygen in respiration
- clinical psychologist
- ps helps people with psychological problems and to change behavior
- industrial and organizational psychologist
- ps focus on people and work
- ethnic group
- diversity by cultural heritage, race, language, and common history
- environmental psychologist
- ps focus on the ways in which people influence and are influenced by physical environment
- contemporary perspectives
- p biological, evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, psychoanalytic, learning, sociocultural
- close-ended Questions
- multiple choice questions
- objective sensation
- the taste of an apple
- Charles Darwin
- british scientist who said in struggle for survival, most adaptive organisms have a greater chance of surviving to maturity, to reproduce
- observe, describe, predict, control, explain
- goals of psychology