Midterm Jour1001

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Analog Communication: Uses continuously varying signals corresponding to the light or sounds originated by the source.
Asynchronous Media: Are not condumed simultaneously by all members of the audience.
Blog: Short for web log, is a personal home page with commentary addressed to the web audience.
Channel: Is an electronic or mechanical system that links the source to the receiver.
Communication: Is an exchange of meaning.
Convergence: Is the integration of mass media, computers, and telecommunications.
Copywright: Is the legal right to control intellectual property.
Digital: Means computer-readable, formatted in 1s and 0s.
Digital Divide: Is the gap in Internet usage between rich and poor, Anglos and minorities.
Gatekeepers: Decide what will appear in the media.
Interactive Communication: Uses feedback to modify a message as it is presented.
Mass Communication: Is one-to-many, with limited audience feedback.
Mediated: Is communication transmitted through an electronic or mechanical channel.
Narrowcasting: Targets media to specific segments of the audience.
Offshoring: Is the export of jobs to other countries.
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR): Model of mass communication describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.
Telecommunications Act of 1996: Deregulated radio ownership rules.
Barriers to Entry: Are obstacles companies must overcome to enter a market.
Copyright Royalty Fee: Is a payment for use of a creative work.
Critical Studies: Examine the overall impact of media.
Diffusion: Is the spread of innovations.
Duopoly: Exists when two companies dominate.
Economics Studies: The forces that allocate resources to satisfy competing needs.
Economies of Scale: Are when unit costs go down as production quantities increase.
Electronic Markets Theory: Explains that people use e-commerce to minimize their search and transaction costs.
Functionalism: Examines the social functions media fulfill.
Hegemony: Is an underlying consensus of ideology that serves the dominant groups in society.
Law of Supply and Demand: Describes the relationship among the supply of products, prices, and consumer demand.
Marginal Cost: Is te incremental costs of each additional copy.
Media Literacy: Means learning to think critically abou tht erole of media in society.
Monopoly: Exists when one company dominates a market.
Oligopoly: Is when a few firms dominate.
Political Economy: Analyzes patterns of class denomination and economic power.
Profit: What is left after operating costs, taxes, and paybacks to investors.
Semiotic Analysis: Describes how meaning is generated athrought the "signs" used in media "texts."
Syndication: Rental or licensing of media products.
Technological Determinism: Explains that the media cause changes in society and culture.
Theories: Are general principles that explain and predict behavior.
Almanacs: Are book-length collectoins of useful facts, calendars and advice.
Backlist: Books that are not actively promoted but are still in print.
Censorship: Is the prohibition of certain media contents by government, religious, or other societal authorities.
Computer-to-plate Technology: Transfers page images composed inside a computer directly to printing plates.
Conglomerates: Are made up of dieverse parts from across several media industries.
Desktop Publishing: Is editing, laying out, and inserting photos on a desktop computer.
Dime Novels: Were inexpensive paperback novels of the 19th century.
Genres: Are types of formats of media content.
Intellectual Property: Is creative work.
Literacy: The ability to read and understand a variety of information.
Miscellanies: Were magazines with a wide variety of contents.
Muckraking: Is journalism that "rakes up the muck" of corruption and scandal.
Newsmagazines: Is a weekly magazine focused on news and analysis.
Novel: Is extended fictional works usually of book length.
Print-on-demand Technology: Prints books only when they are ordered by customers.
Subscription Libraries: Lent books to the public for a fee.
Corantos: Were irregular news sheets that appeared around 1600.
Diurnos: Were 17th-century ancestors of the daily newspaper.
Gatekeeping: Is deciding what will appear in the media.
Joint Operation Agreements: Allow competing newspapers to share resources while aintaining editorial independence.
Libel: Is a harmful and untruthful critism that damages someone.
Local Market Monopoly: Is domination of one or more local markets by a firm.
Marketplace of Ideas: Is the concept that the best ideas will win out in competition.
New Journalism: Was the investigative reporting of the 19th century.
Penny Press: Were daily newspapers that sold for one cent.
Plagiarism: Is using the ideas of others without citation.
Seditious Speech: Undermines the government.
Social Responsibility Model: Calls on journalists to monitor the ethics of their own writing.
Tabloids: Are newspapers focused on popular, sensational events.
Wire Services: Supply news to multiple publications; they were named originally for their use of telegraph wires.
Yellow Journalism: Was the sensationalistic reporting of the the 19th century.
Affiliate: Contracts with networks to distribute their prgramming.
Amplitude Modulation: Carries information in the height, or amplitude, of the radio wave.
Chain-broadcasting: Is synonymous with a broadcasting network.
Common Carriers: Must carry any signal and cannot own the content.
Concentration of Ownership: Occurs when media are owned by a small number of corporations.
Copyright: Is a legal privilege to use, sell, or license creative works.
Cross-ownership: Is ownership of different kinds of media.
Format Clock: An hourly radio programming schedule.
Frequency: The number of cycles that radio waves complete in a second.
Frequency Modulation: Carries information in variations in the frequency of the radio wave.
Geosynchronous Satellite: A satellite whose rotation matches that of the earth so it stays in a fixed position relative to the earth's surface.
Group Owner: Owns a number of broadcast stations.
Hertz: A measurement of the frequency of a radio wave in cycles/second.
Indecent Speech: Graphic language that pertains to sexual or excretory functions.
Licenses: Grant legal permission to operate a radio transmitter.
Lower-power Station: Has more limited transmission power and cover smaller areas than regular FM stations.
O&O: Is a station owned and operated by a network.
Obscene Speech: Depicts sexual conduct in a way that appeals to secual interests in a manner that is "patently offensive" to community standards, and lacks serious artistic, political, or scientific value.
Patents: Give an inventor the exclusive rights to an innovation.
Playlist: Contains the songs picked for air play.
Public Broadcaster: Aims to serve public interests with information, culture, and news.
Radio Act of 1912: First licensed radio transmitters.
Radio Act of 1927: Created a Federal Radio Commission.
Radio Waves: Are composed of electromagnetic energy and rise and fall in regular cycles.
Rating: Measures how many people are listening to a station.
Top 40: A radio format that replays the top 40 songs heavily.
Vacuum Tubes: Amplify and modulate signals by controlling the flow of electrical charges inside a glass tube.
Webcast: A broadcast on the World Wide Web.
B-movie: A cheaply and quickly made genre film.
Compositing: Is merging several layers of imagees that were shot seperately.
Concentration of Power: Integration of many aspects of media into one compay creates concerns about political control and loss of diversity.
Digital Video: Recorded, edited, and often transmitted in digital form as used by computers.
Feature Film: A longer story film, usually over 1.5 hours.
Film Noir: Were "dark" moody American films of the 1940s often focused on detectives or similar themes.
Fin-Syn: Financial interest in Syndication; rules that kept TV networks from producing or owning entertainment programming.
First-run Distribution: For films is to movie theaters.
Front Projection: Lets actors be photographed in front of an image so that they appear part of it.
Gross: Is the total box office revenue before expenses are deducted.
Independent Film: Made by a wide variety of people outside the control of the major studios.
Mattes: Background paintings or photographs that are combined with performers in the foreground.
Motion Picture Code of 1930: A self-regulation of sez on screen by the motion picture industry.
MPAA: Is a trade organization that represents the major film studios.
MPAA Ratings: A movie rating system instituted in 1968.
Nonlinear Editing: Uses digital equipment to rearrange scenes to make the master copy.
Postproduction: Includes editing, sounds effects, and visual effects that are added after shooting the original footage.
Rear Projection: Effects have images projected behind performers who are in the foreground.
Star System: Was the film studios' use of stars' popularity to promote their movies.
Studio System: In Hollywood: to put all aspects of a film together in one production and distribution company.
Talkies: Motion pictures with synchronized sound for dialogue.
Theatrical Film: Released for distribution in movie theaters.
Vertical Integration: When companies with the same owner handle different aspects of a business, such as film production and distribution.
Windows: Separate film release times for different channels or media.
Affiliate Fees: Monthly per-subscriber fees that cable programming services charge local cable operators for their programs.
Cable Television: Transmits television programs via coaxial cable or fiber.
Coaxial Cable: High-capacity wire used for cable television transmission.
Community Access: Means created by community residents without the in volvement of the cable operator.
Cost per Thousand: How much a commercial costs in relation to the number of viewers that see it, in thousands.
Direct Broadcast Satellite: Transmit programs via satellite directly to home antennas.
Distant Signals: Cable channels imported from major television markets.
High-definition Television: Digital television that provides a wider and clearer picture.
Horizontal Integration: Concentrating ownership by acquiring companies that are all in the same business.
Local Origination: Created within the community by the cable operator.
Microwave: Transmits information between relay towers on beams of high-frequency radio waves.
Multiple System Operator: A cable company that operates systems in two or more communities.
Must Carry: Policy that requires cable companies to carry local broadcast signals.
Owned-and-Operated Station: Station owned and operated by networks.
Pay TV: Charges cable customers an extra monthly fee to receive a specific channel.
Pay-per-view: Charges viewers for each showing of a program.
Ratings: Measure the proportion of television households that watch a specific show.
Scanning: Making TV pictures out of a series of seperate picture lines.
Superstation: A distant signal that is distributed nationally via satellite.
Television Receive-only: Was a backyard satelllite system that let individual homes receive the same channels intended for cable systems.
UHF: Ultra-high frequency; channels 14-49.
Underwriting: Corporate financial support of public television programs in return for a mention of the donor on the air.
VHF: Very high frequency television band; channels 2-13.

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