General Psychology Test 2
Terms
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- Learning
- relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience not maturation
- Maturation
- unfolding of biologically triggered events
- Behaviorists
- study animals in a laboratory
- Black Box or Stimulus Response Approach
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-cant know a humans thoughts
-study behaviors and responses - Pros of Studying Animal Behavior
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-Highly controlled setting
-more flexable than humans
-make generalizations from animals to humans - Seligman
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-Learned Helplessness
-there is no association between behavior and a positive outcome - Cons of Studying Animal Behavior
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-cant completely generalize animal behavior in a lab to animal behavior in the wild
-cant generalize from animals to humans
-ethical considerations - 2 Types of Learning Theory
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-Classical conditioning
-operant conditioning (or instrumental) - CC
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-classical conditioning
-learning that occurs from paired association - Ivan Pavlov
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-discovered CC
-russian physiologist
-bell rings, dogs salivate - John Watson
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-father of American behaviorism (1920s)
-CC a fear response in a human - Stimulus Generalization
- learn a response to 1 stimuli, but applyt aht response to other similar stimuli
- Stimulus Discrimination
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-opposite of generalization
-learn a response but do not apply it to other stimuli - Stimulus Extinction
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-process by which we undo the conditioning
-present the CS without the US
-original learning is never completely forgotten - Spontaneous Recovery
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-after extinction, the CS can again elicit the return of the CR, but the response in weakened.
-we cna agin enter the CS and US to relearn the CR in a shorter period of time - Taste Aversion
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-Single trial learning
-takes one pairing of the NS and US to learn the association - OC
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-operant conditioning
-learning that occurs when a consequence follows a behavior
-shape or change behavior - 3 Differences between CC and OC
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cc-animal is passive(dont have to do anything for US
oc-animal is active
cc-response is elicited(reflex actions)
oc-response is emitted
cc-automatic or reflex action
oc-voluntary actions - Operant =
- Response
- B.F. Skinner
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-developed Skinner box
-rats press lever for food reward - Shaping
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-in class
-animal is trained to make the operand(rat pressed lever)
-reward closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior - OC Applied to Humans
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-school settings(token economy)
-behavior modifications(habit control) - OC Generalization
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-subject learns to perform a response to other similar stimuli
-reward a child for studying math, child studies english for no reward - OC Discrimination
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-train an animal to not respond to other stimuli
-red light not green light - OC extinction
- undo the conditioning(no longer give reward)
- 3 Ways to Influence Response in OC
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-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement
-punishment - Positive Reinforcement
- event that occurs after a behavior that increses the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future
- Negative Reinforcement
- taking away a noxious stimlus following a behavior, incresing the likelihood of that behavior occuring in the future
- Punishment
- consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
- 2 Types of Reinforcement
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-continuous
-partial - Continuous Reinforcement
- everytime a person does the response, they get a reward
- Partial Reinforcement
- recieve a reward only sometimes that the response occurs
- 4 Types of Partial Reinforcement
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-Fixed Ratio(FR)fixed # of responses
-Variable Ratio(VR)varied # of responses
-Fixed Interval(FI)fixed # of time
-Variable Interval(VI)unpredictable period of time