AP U.S. Chapter 13 - 15
Terms
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- Temperance
- Shift from moral to political action. American Temperance Society in 1826. Persuade drinkers to pledge total abstinence. More than a million members after 10 years.
- Henry David Thoreau
- "Walden" "Civil Disobedience" - practice plain living.
- Transcendentalism
- Ralph Wlado Emerson - things that rose above the limits of reason.
- Sojourner Truth
- African American female abolitionist. Traveled country.
- Unitarians
- Denomination emphasizing the kindness of God, goodness of humans, and ability to reason and conscience over truth. All eligable for salvation.
- Universalists
- Stressed slavation for all mena nd women. Too merciful to condemn anybody to enternal punishment.
- Utopian community
- Plans for perfect communities. Economic and social objectives, but religious nature was most long lived. Brook Farm, New Harmony two flourished the most.
- Walt Whitman
- "Leave of Grass" - served as nurse during Civil Warq
- Brigham Young
- Leader of Mormons moving westward. Planned new community, became cheif and theocratic authority.
- Know Nothing Party
- Order of the Star Spangled Banner - secret rituatls, fraternal order. Restrictions on immigration, immigrants and Catholics excluded from public office. Successful.
- Lowell System
- Factory system in Mass. Brought spinning and weaving using power machinery. Designed model communities that would rewards "Moral" behavior.
- Manumission
- Formally freeing someone from slavery.
- Eli Whitney
- Cotton gin, interhcnageable parts for goods.
- Herman Melville
- "Moby Dick"
- Nativism
- Anti-immigration behavior in response to the German and Irish immigration. Fears of voting blocs, and unfamiliar religious practices.
- Steamboat
- Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston - first steam-powered boat. Not affected by wind or current and made water transportation more reliable.
- Working Men's Party
- First labor party formed in 1828. Ineffective from inexperienced leaders. Manipulation by professional politicians.
- Turner's Rebellion in 1831
- Violent revolt of African Americans. Nat Tuener was the leader and religious fanatic. Small group killed. Military took strong action.
- Specie Circular
- 1837 Jackson goverment would accept only hard currency for payment in goverment lands. Prevent fraud for bank notes and credit.
- Spoils System
- Dispensing goverment jobs as a reward for party loyalty. Argued that it promoted government corruption.
- Tariff of 1816
- Indended to protect U.S. industry after the embargo ended. Tariff became sectional issue with the North favoring and the south disapproving.
- Trail of Tears
- Cherokee trek from Georgia to Oklahoma. Forced to move in 1838 after Jackson left office. Caused over 4000 deaths.
- Daniel Webster
- Orator and laywer and senator of Mass. Defended federal goverment that said state couldn't nullify federal law. Went against Robert Hayne. "Liberty and union, one and inseparable, now and forever."
- Webster-Hayne debate
- Robert Hayne argued that government edangered the Union - concept of federal goverment as 'agent' of state. States could judge if 'agent' went out of bounds.
- Worcester vs. Georgia
- Cherokees and Georgia. Cherokee were a sovereign nation and the 'leaving bills' weren't relevant. Native americans forced to leave.
- Abolition
- Belief that slavery should be abolished. AMerican colonization Society - freedom for African Americans.
- American COlonization Society
- Promoted the idea of freeing slaves. 1822 established Monrovia, Liberia. Colonization proved never to be practical because of expanding numbers of African Americans in U.S.
- Commonwealth vs. Hunt
- Mass. Supreme Court ruled - forming atrade union not illegal. Imoprtant victory for labor movement.
- James Fenimore Cooper
- "The Spy" "The Leather-stocking Tales" "Last Words of Mohicans" Characters pitting themselves against nature and winning.
- Dorothea Dix
- Published report after examining jails and poorhouses. National attention and states changed. Pressed for changes in prisons and asylums.
- Frederick Douglass
- Former slave who spoke out against the brutality that he faced. "Narrative of life of Frederick Douglass" Left country to avoid capture.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Transcendental movement. Intuitive ways of thinking to discover ones inner spirit and finding God in nature. Attacked materialism.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- "Scarlet Letter" "House of the Seven Gables" Wrote of sin, pride, secret, guilt.
- Charles Finney
- Preached - generated many conversions. Loneliness was a decision that kept many from converting. Transformed revivals into communal experiences. Teached at Oberlin College
- William Lloyd Garrison
- Newspaper published "The Liberator" advocated abolition of slavery. Burned constitution believing it was pro-slavery. Estbalished American Anti-Slavery Society.
- Horace Mann
- Reforms in public education. First state-supported "Public School". Defended school system as equal opportunity.
- Susan and Angelina Grimke
- South Carolina sisters - dedicated to anti-slavery, feminism, and reform work. "Appeal to the Christian Women of the South" "Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes."
- Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)
- Joseph Smith founded. Moved westward to IL, Brigham Young took over afterwards and moved to Great Salt Lake utah
- Lucretia Mott
- Adovates of women's rights. "Delcaration of Sentiments" Worked with Susan B. Anthony.
- Romanticism
- Spirit over reason and logic. Emphasis on individualism.
- Second Great Awakening
- Spirit influenced American life. Rev. Timothy Dwight, Charles Finney.
- Senecea Falls Convention (1848)
- Elixabeth cady Tatnton and Lucretia mott. Feminist organized convention.
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- First women's activists.
- John Quincy Adams
- First secretary of state, then president. Aksed money fro internal improvements for manufacturing. Served only one term.
- Anti-Masons
- Opposed fraternal order. Entered in 1832. First group to hold national cominating convention.
- Nicholas Biddle
- President of Bank of U.S. Jacksons suspected him of abusing power and serving wealthy. Arrogance factor.
- John C. Calhoun
- South Carolina senator. Vice President to Jackson. War hawk for nationalist and states' rights to sectionalism.
- Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
- State of Georgia passes law requiring Cherokee to migrate WEst. Supreme Court ruled Cherokees could stay in Georgia.
- "corrupt bargain"
- Accustation of secret political deal between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Adams won presidental election. Clay secretary of state.
- Era of Good Feelings
- James Monroe's presidency. RIvals for presidency flock during beginning of Monroe's second term. ONLY one political party - why it was 'good feelings'
- William Henry Harrison
- President 1840. Former governor of Indiana territory. Depicted as a plain and simple man though he was a Whig.
- Internal Improvements
- Maysville Rd. Under Jackson - road through Kentucky, and linked to National road in Cincinnati. Set prececent that there were limits of federal funds. Railroads built later.
- Maysville Road Bill
- Internal improvements using federal funds vetoed by Jackson. Was introducted by Henry Clay.
- Panic of 1837
- Economic depression, failure to renew Bank of U.S. Banks closing doors - Whigs blamed democrats. Allowed little federal imput into economy.