ENV H 111 Final
Terms
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- CDC
- Center for Disease Control
- EPA
- Environmental Protection Agency
- MIB
- Men In Black
- NOAA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- ATSDR
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- NIOSH
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Does Research for OSHA
- OSHA
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration Enforces NIOSH
- Evironmental Health Professionals
- Occupational Health, Industrial Hygenist, Toxicology, Radiation Physics, Environment
- GI tract area and contact
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2100 square feet
24lbs food/liquid - Lungs
-
1500 square feet
50 lbs of air/day
most contact - Skin
-
21 square feet
variable contact - The three ways bad stuff gets into the body
- lungs, GI tract, and Skin
- Skin Barriers
-
Skin
–Multiple layers of skin, keratin, sebaceous secretions then the capillary wall. - Gut Barriers
-
Gut
–One layer of thick epithelium, one layer of basement membrane and connective tissue then capillary wall. - Lung Barriers
-
Lung:
–One layer of cells, a basement membrane and capillary wall. - How do bad things get into the body? What efffects entry?
- Solubility of toxin, size of particulates, and the duration of contact.
- Where are water soluble things best absorbed?
- gut & lungs
- Where are fat soluble things best absorbed?
- the skin
- What happens to large particles? Small?
-
Particles of small size reach and deposit in the lung.
Larger particulates are coughed up or sneezed up or swallowed. - How many people lose their lives to occupational accidents and work related diseases anually?
- 2.2 million men and women are deprived of lifeby occupational accidents and work-related diseases annually
- How many new Occupational accidents are their in a year?
- 270 million new occupational accidents
- How many new work-related diseases occur anually?
- 160 million new occupational diseases
- What is the most important disease today, how many people does it effect anually?
- 0.7-2.7 million people die from Malaria each year
- How many accident related deaths are there in China anually?
-
⬢90,000 accident deaths/ year
⬢12/100,000 per year - How many disease and accidents deaths are there per year in China?
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⬢400,000 disease & accident deaths per year
⬢54/100,000 per year - When was the London fog and what was the significance?
-
London Fog, 1953 air pollution
–Large numbers of deaths from air pollution
–Our first real understanding of the potential for air pollution to induce massive death - What big thing happened in Japan? Everything about it.
-
MinamataBay, mercury release
–Release of Mercury from Chiso(fertilizer/plastics) plant into bay causing contamination of fish-
–Many of the fishing population affected - What happened in India? Where? When?
-
Bhopal, India, 1984 toxic industrial release
–Toxic release of Methyl Isocyanategas from Union Carbide plant in India
•3000 immediate deaths
•15-18,000 related deaths - What is a Maquiladora?
- The MaquiladoraPhenomena–>1 million work in 3000 factories in Mexico –Work conditions harsh, pay poor, life expensive–Now factories moving where labor is cheaper–Occupational health and safety is poorly surveyed and rarely enforced
- Effects of mercury poisoning?
- nerological diseases
- Arsenic poisoning?
- Hyperkerotosis, skin legions, skin cancer, lung cancer
- Asbestos?
- Lung cancer, Restrictive Lung Disease
- What was the sit. with Metalclad and mexico?
-
⬢Metalclad, A waste disposal company tried to set up a toxic waste disposal site in Mexico
⬢The adjacent city and state blocked the development
⬢Metalcladsued under NAFTA
⬢Mexico must pay Metalclad$16 million compensation - What is an epidemic?
- an increase from the normal frequency
- Silica poisoning?
- Restrictive Lung Disease
- What is Passive Immunity?
- Immunity you get from someone else. (ex. mother child)
- What is Active Immunity? What are the two types?
-
Natural active--get from having a infection, ex. chicken pox
Induced active--from vaccination - What is a host?
- Host:an animal or person in whom the disease presides (lives)
- What is a disease agent?
- Disease Agent:something that causes disease, usually a microbe or toxin
- What is a vector?
- Vector:an organism that coveys an agent from one host to another
- What is a Vehicle/Fomite?
- Vehicle or Fomite: an inanimate object which transmits a disease agent to a new host
- What is prevalence?
- Prevalence:Ratio of people with disease to the population
- What is incidence?
- Incidence:Ratio of new cases to the person-time in a population
- What three hazardous substances are transported to developing countries?
-
E waste
ship breaking
chemical waste - Who is Edward Jenner? What did he do?
-
Edward Jennermade a remarkable observation about Milkmaids
⬢He inoculated people with cowpox to prevent smallpox
⬢It worked
⬢Smallpox is the only disease we have eradicated -
When BiosolidsAre Eaten by Bacteria
•In an oxygen deprived environment
–Produces what?
–CH4
–CO2
–CO
–C4H10
–C3H8 - CH4
- What happens in Libby Montana
-
Vermiculite mining
–Produced Asbestosis in a substantial portion of the population
–Likely to lead to lung cancer in many -
Dose-response
–What is it? - higher dose, greater response
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The Precautionary Principle
–What is it? - Act in favor of precaution when faced with uncertainty
- What effect does an “Ethic†have?
- –It is limiting of freedom
- What is a half life in toxicology?
- ⬢The time it takes for the body to excrete half of the dose
- What is a half life in radiation?
- Time it takes for the compound to loose half of its energy
- How do we get rid of solid waste?
- Burning or Landfills
- Downsides to burning?
-
heavy metal ash,
air pollution. Can make ash into concrete - Landfills are...
- A common way to get rid of solids
- Hazardous waste is landfilled differently, How?
- Double-leakproofliners, leachatereclamation, runoff control, leak detectors
- What is AQI?
- The air quality index, calculated by the EPA based on five air pollutants. (one of these with the highest concentration determines EQI)
- What are the five air pollutants of the AQI?
- Ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulates, nitrogen dioxide
- What is the scale of the AQI?
- 0-500 0=good 500=really bad, above 100 it starts to pose health threats
- What are the major contributors to Air Pollution in the WA
-
V⬢Traffic is a major contributor
⬢Some small amount is due to Trees
⬢Boats contribute a lot to PS air pollution - What is the pollution from trees called?
- Volitile Organics
- Which pollutant is a secondary pollutant?
- Ozone
- Which pollutant is a mixture?
- Particulates
- What are the five basic types of ionizing radiation?
- alpha, nuetron, beta, gamma, and X-ray.
- What is different about an X-Ray?
- It comes from an electron and is identical to a gamma ray, except orgin
- Where does the ionizing radiation come from (not incuding X-rays)
- the nucleus
- List from highest to lowest frequencies the 5 types ionizing radiation
- X-ray, gamma, beta, nuetron, and alpha.
- Alpha rays are stopped by what?
- paper
- Betas are stopped by what?
- Aluminum
- Gamma/X-rays are stopped by what
- Lead...sometimes...some get through
- How can you decrease radiation?
- Radiation levels decrease as you move away from the source.
- what are 3 Means to Reduce External Ionizing Radiation Exposure?
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Time, Distance, Shielding
–Reducing the amount of time around a radiation source directly reduces radiation exposure.
–Distance reduces exposure by 1/r2for x-ray and gamma radiation
•Distance in air stops alpha and beta particles.
–Shielding stops alpha and beta particles and greatly reduces x-ray and gamma radiation. - What are the ANNUAL RADIATION DOSE LIMITS in occupation?
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Occupational
40.05 Sv (5 rem) whole body
4no individual organ dose
greater than 0.5 Sv (50 rem)
4Skin and extremities = 0.5 Sv (50 rem)
4Exception: Lens of eye = 0.15 Sv (15 rem) - What are theANNUAL RADIATION DOSE LIMITS for fetus/embryo
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Embryo/Fetus (of radiation worker)
45 mSv (0.5 rem) - What is the ANNUAL RADIATION DOSE LIMITS of the general public?
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General Public
41 mSv (0.1 rem) - What are some Acute Radiation Effects?
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Skin Effects -reddening, depilation at over about 250 rem.
Damage to bone marrow or other internal organs –manifests at over 50 rem, death likely over 500 remto whole body.
Cataracts-10’s to a few 100 remto eyes
Other?
–Lung cancer from Radon - What are the health effects of Low Level Radiation?
-
Genetic mutations–probably takes 1 Sv(100 rem) to double mutation rate in man.
•Abnormalities induced in an exposed fetus–about 4% chance of occurrence per 0.1 Sv(10 rem)
•Cancer in the exposed individual–0.1 Sv(10 rem) given to 100 people in U.S. population would be expected to cause about 1 extra cancer over a lifetime. About 42 of these people would be expected to get cancer from natural causes. - What is the The EJ Movement?
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Considered extension of the Civil Rights Movement􀃆EQUALITY!-Emphasis on protecting humans
Racism, classism, sexism, and other forms of oppression lead to unequal environmental burdens felt by people of color, low-income people, and women.
•Led by people of color/Grassroots
•Strength in numbers
•Egalitarian and consensus-driven
•NOT IN ANYBODY’S BACKYARD!!! - Two types of EJ?
- Institutional EJ, and EJ community groups
- Institutional EJ interpretations?
-
Institutional EJ interpretations
–Emphasizes environmental equity
–Principles are captured in the phrases, “Fair treatment and meaningfulinvolvement†- What do EJ community groups stress?
-
EJ community groups
–Stresses a history of environmental racism and collective autonomy
–Principles are captured in the credo, “We speak for ourselves†-
What is this:
"Environmental Justice is thefair treatment
and meaningful involvement of all people
regardless of race, color, national origin, or
income with respect to thedevelopment,
implementation, and enforcement of
- Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) definition 2002
- What does APEN stand for and where is it based?
-
Asian Pacific Environmental Network
(APEN)-San Francisco Bay Area - What does APEN believe?
-
⬢Environmental Justice is the rightto a decent, safe quality of life for people of all races, incomes and cultures in the environments where we live, work, play, learn and pray.
⬢Environmental Justice emphasizes accountability,democratic practices, equitable treatment andself-determination⬦ Environmental Justice provides a framework for communities of color to articulate the political, economic and social assumptions underlying why environmental racismand degradation happens and how it continues to be institutionally reinforced. - When and where was the “Beginning of the EJ movementâ€
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1982 -Warren County, NC
–Rural, low-income African-American community
–Landfill that was to be used for disposal of PCBs
–Many civil disobedience demonstrations-500+ arrested
–Residents declared that it was “Environmental Racismâ€, which was coined by Reverend Benjamin Chavis - Who coined "Environmental Racism"?
- Reverend Benjamin Chavis
- What is "Cancer alley" and where is it located?
-
⬢Petrochemical industry (pesticides, gasoline, paints, plastics) emitting billions of pounds of toxic chemicals
⬢Along 85-mile long corridor of Mississippi river from Baton Rouge to New Orleans
⬢1989-Morrisonville residents forced to re-locate after Dow Chemical Company voluntarily paid - Hurricane Katrina?
-
–“Worst envt’ldisaster in U.S. history.â€
–â€Toxic soup†that will make much of New Orleans inhabitable for years - What is CPBR?
- Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) for EJ
- What does CPBR do?
-
–Challenge to “expert-driven†scientific research that is not sufficient and full or uncertainty.
–Communities speak for themselves in research and decision-making
–Have local expertise-experience, contextual and local knowledge
–Primary focus is to produce research that can be used for locally relevant action-oriented solutions - Ways to Achieve Environmental Justice?
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⬢Community mobilization and coalitions-strength in numbers
⬢Involve communities in the decision-making process for what happens in their neighborhood
⬢Use the current environmental laws, and make sure they are equally enforced in neighborhoods
⬢The Precautionary Principle Approach