EarthSciencePRHSFINALS
All that is covered in the Earth Science class at PRHS, ALL OF IT!
Terms
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- Equator
- an imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the North and South poles
- Compaction
- the process that presses sediments together is called
- Spectrograph
- a device that breaks light into colors and produces an image of the resulting spectrum
- Cementation
- the process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together
- Magma
- is molten material from inside Earth that hardens to form rock
- Index Contours
- every 5th contour line is darker than the others and is labeld with the elevation in round units. ex. 1,600 or 2,000 ft above sea level
- Map's Key
- a list of all the symbols used on the map with an explanation of their meaning
- Neutron Stars
- are the remains of high-mass stars after a supernova
- Plain
- a landform made up of nearly flat or gently rolling land with low relief
- Gamma Rays
- shortest waves (out of 6)
- Globe
- a sphere that represents Earth's entire surface
- Infrared Waves
- 2nd longest wave
- Inferring
- When you explain or interpret the things you observe
- Landform
- a feature of topography, such as a valley or hill, formed by the process that shapes Earth's surface
- Reflecting Telescope
- uses a curved mirror to collect and focus light
- Global Positioning System (GPS)
- is a method of finding latitude, longitude, and elevation points on Earth's surface using a network of satellites
- Energy
- the ability to do work or cause change
- Map
- a flat model of all or part of Earth's surface as seen from above
- Plains, Mountains, & Plateaus
- the three main types of landforms
- Black Holes
- an object with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape
- Science
- is a way of learning about the natural world
- Lava
- is magma that reaches the surface
- Maps & Globes
- are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent features on Earth's surface
- Continental Drift
- Wegener's theory that the continents moved slowly over time
- Elevation, Relief, & Landforms
- the topography of an area includes the area's
- Absolute Brightness
- is the brightness the star would have if it were at a standard distance from Earth
- Topography
- the shape of the land
- White Dwarf
- the blue-white core of the star that is left behind cools and becomes a
- Mercator Projection, the Equal-Area Projection, and the Conic Projection
- three common map projections
- Earth Science
- the term for knowledge about Earth and its place in the universe
- Pulsars
- spinning neutron stars are called__________short for pulsating radio sources
- Alfred Wegener
- hypothesized that all the continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart
- Telescope
- a device that makes distant objects appear to be closer
- Visible Light
- the light we see is called
- Color, Temperature, Size, Composition, and Brightness
- Characteristics to classify stars include
- Data
- the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations
- Clastic Rocks, Orgamic Rocks, & Chemical Rocks
- Three major types of sedimentary rocks
- Plate Tectonics
- states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle
- Relief
- the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of and area
- Rift Valley
- forms in a divergent boundry
- Radio Waves
- are the longest wave
- Vein
- a narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is different from the surrounding rock
- Contour Line
- connects points of equal elevation
- Harry Hess
- an American geologist adjusted Wegener's theory created sea-floor spreading
- Map Projection
- a framework of lines that helps in transferring points on Earth's three-dimensional surface onto a flat map
- Scientific Inquiry
- refers to the many ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather.
- Streak
- of a mineral is the color of its powder
- UV Waves
- 4th longest wave
- Mountain
- a landfrom with high elevation and high relief
- Destructive Forces
- slowly wear away mountains and every other feature on Earth's surface
- Equator & Prime Meridian
- baselines for measuring distances on Earth's surface
- Pixels
- a satellite image is made up of thousands of tiny dots called
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- or energy that can travel through space in the form of waves
- Observatory
- a building that contains one or more telescopes
- Crystallization Occurs
- when elements and compounds that are dissolved in water leave a solution
- ROYGBIV
- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
- Observing
- Using one or more of your senses to gather information is
- Basalt
- a dark rock with a fine texture, makes up a large portion of the oceanic crust
- Nebula
- a large cloud of gas and dust spread out in an immense volume
- Supernova
- When a supergiant runs out of fuel, it can explode suddenly and create a supernova
- System
- a group of parts that work together as a whole
- Crystal
- the repeating pattern of a mineral's particles froms a solid called a
- Convection
- heat transfer by the movements of currents within a fluid
- Scientific Theory
- is a well-tested scientific concept that explains a wide range of obeservations
- Stress
- a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume
- Inorganic
- cannot form from materials that were once part of a living thing
- Tension
- pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle
- Spectrum
- White light is made up of 6 colors with different wavelengths called the
- Apparent Brightness
- the brightness as seen from Earth
- Predicting
- making a forcast of what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence
- Longitude
- distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
- Luster
- the term used to describe how light is reflected from a mineral's surface
- Fracture
- describes how a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way
- Hertzprung-Russell Diagram (HR diagram)
- a diagram that shows the realationship between the surface temperature and absolute brightness of stars
- Symbols
- pictures on a map to represent features on Earth's surface
- Optical Telescope
- a telescope that uses lenses or mirrors to collect and focus visible light
- Prime Meridian
- an imaginary line that makes a HALF circle from the North pole to the South pole
- Radiation
- the transfer of energy through space is called
- Variable
- is one of the factors that can change in an experiment
- Clastic Rock
- rock that forms when fragments are squeezed together
- Light-Year
- the distance a light travels per year (about 9.5 million million kilometers)
- Lines of Latitude and Longitude
- these lines form a grid that can be used to find locations anywhere on Earth
- Greenwich, England
- The Prime Meridian passes through this location
- Organic Rock
- forms where remains of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers
- Controlled Experiment
- a test of a hypothesis under conditions established by the scientist
- Granite
- a rock that usually is a light color and has a coarse texture, makes up most of the continental crust
- Protostar
- A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass to from a star
- Radiation, Conduction, & Convection
- The three types of heat transfer
- Constructionve Forces
- shape Earth's surface by building up mountains and landmasses
- Satellite Images
- pictures of the surface based on data collected form satellites are called
- Crystallization
- the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure
- Refracting Telescope
- uses convex lenses to gather and focus light
- X-rays
- 2nd shortest 5th longest
- Chemical Rock forms
- When minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystallize
- Plateau
- a landform that has high elevation and a more or less level surface is called a
- Minerals Form
- as hot magma cools inside Earth, or as lava hardens on the surface
- Mineral
- a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition (must have ALL 5 characteristics)
- Elevation
- the height above sea level of a point on Earth's surface
- Geode
- a rounded, hollow rock that is often lined with mineral crystals
- Main Sequence
- within this sequence the surface temperature increases as absolute brightness increases
- Degree
- one three hundered sixtyith (1/360) of the distance around a circle
- Hypothesis
- a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question
- Manipulated Variable
- in an experiment, the variable that a scientist changes
- Sonar
- is a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves
- Contour Interval
- the change in elevation from contour line to contour line is called
- Digitizing
- the process by which mapmakers convert the location of map points to numbers is called
- Fossil
- any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock
- Parallax
- the apparent change in position of an object when you look at if from differen places
- Map's Scale
- relates distance on a map to a distance on Earth's surface
- Wavelength
- the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next
- Scientific Law
- a statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions
- Seismic Waves
- are produced during earthquakes
- Responding Variable
- the variable that changes because of the manipulated variable
- Mohs Hardness Scale
- this scale ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest (1-10)
- Radio Telescopes
- telescopes used to detect radio waves from objects in space- lenses up to 305meters in diameter
- Solution
- a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another
- Cleavage
- a mineral that splits easily along flat surfaces has the property called
- Hemisphere
- one half of the sphere that makes up Earth's surface
- Landform Region
- a large area of land where the topography is made up mainly of one type of landfrom
- Constellations
- groups of stars that form pictures
- Convex Lens
- a piece of transparent glass, curved so that the middle is thicker than the edges
- Visible Light
- 3rd longest wave
- Latitude
- distance in degrees north of south of the equator
- Conduction
- Heat transfer within a material or between materials that are not touching is called
- Mountain Range
- a group of mountains that are closely related in shape, structure, and age
- Topographic Map
- is a map showing the surface features of an area
- Density=Mass (divided) Volume
- Mass= Volume (times) Density
- Compression
- squeezes rock until it folds or breaks
- Surveying
- when mapmakers determine distances and elevations using instruments and the principles of geometry