LEA lecture Test 1

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Define lab animal: any animal used for obtaining information that is usually applied to a different species
What are the two main uses of lab animals?: 1. Investigation of human dz
2. Production of biological substances for prevention/control of dz
What is the ASPCA?: American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
What is the HSUS? What is their stance of using animals in research?: Humane Society of the United States
-recognizes the need for animals in research but lobbies for humane treatment and restraint in unnecessary use of animals
What is AALAS? What so they do?: American Association of Laboratory Animal Science - is an organization of individuals and institutions concerned w/ the production, care, and study of lab animals
What is ILAR? What are they a source of?: Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources - resource for the humane care and standards of lab animal use
What is the AAALAC? What do they do?: American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Care - establishes standards that labs adhere to in order to be a reputable lab It is voluntary, but a good institution will get this accreditation.
The concept that an animal used in research is selected for it similarities (physical/behavioral) to the species that the research is being applied to is known as what?: Animal model
Why are animals used as models?: 1. Decreases # of unknowns
2. Humans live too long for research
3. Can't keep humans in a sterile environment
4. Humans have unclear genetics - too many variables
Four criteria to evaluate when selecting and animal model: 1. Similar characteristics to species research applied to
2. Size
3. Productivity
4. Longevity
What is the biological science dealing w/ heredity called?: Genetics
What is heredity?: xmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
What are the four breeding systems for lab animals?: Random (out-bred), Inbreeding, Hybrid, Mutants
Describe random/out-bred breeding system: Non-related animals bred together w/o consideration to their ancestry.
Describe inbreeding system of lab animal breeding: related animals bred together to produce genetically similar animals w/ traits that do not vary from generation to generation
How many generations of consecutive brother-sister or parent-offspring mating is need to produce animals that are genetically pure (99.8%)?: Minimum of 20 generations
What is a hybrid?: First generation from crossing two different inbred strains
What is a mutant?: Has a specific mutation from random or inbred breeding - vy expensive, usually poor-doers, ideal for specific research
What is the biological science dealing w/ producing & maintaining animals w/ known microorganisms in a controlled environment called?: Gnotobiology
Main concept of Gnotobiology?: germ-free
Two reasons to use gnotobiotes?: 1. Provides guaranteed dz free animals for research
2. All microorganisms present in the animal have been defined (researcher knows exactly what is present)
What is SPF?: Specific Pathogen Free - Animals have diverse microorganisms but **not** specific pathogens that researcher does not want them to have
What are five factors that should be considered when designing a research facility?: Temperature, ventilation, lighting, noises, and bedding
When it comes to cleaning cages, clean off the what first? Why?: Crusty stuff! Many cleaners are neutralized by organics
What are some methods identifying animals in a research lab?: Cage cards, non-permanent fur marking w/ markers/paint, ear-notching, tattoos, microchips, banding, and collars
Where do all mice come from?: Mouse-fanciers breeding in the 1800's
What is the most common research animal?: Mice
Four uses of mice?: Pets, vax challenges, infectious dz studies, and xplant studies
What does sick mouse syndrome look like?: Mouse has a ruffled/disheveled coat, hunched back - just plain doesn't look well
Are mice diurnal or nocturnal?: diurnal
What is best food for lab rodents? Why?: Lab block - nutritionally balanced
How do you know a baby mouse is nursing?: Skin is transparent - can see the milk in the stomach
What is unique about cardiac puncture compared to other blood draws?: Is terminal
What are some blood collection methods for mice?: Tail bleeding, cardiac puncture, orbital sinus, vena cava puncture, saphenous bleed
What is the amount of blood that can be safely removed from an animal?: 1% of the body weight in grams (1 gram = 1cc)
What is the IP injection technique for most lab animals?: Hold animal dorsally, tilt animal down toward it's head, and draw back to make sure nothing hit
Fur chewing vice in mice also called what?: Barbering - usually no injury involved
3 external mouse parasites: fleas, fur mites, lice
What are the two most common internal parasites in mice?: tapeworm and pinworm
What two mouse dzs covered are zoonotic?: Tyzzer's Dz, Hanta Virus
Why are mammary tumors so common in mice?: most of body is made up of mammary tissue
Name some dzs that affect mice: Tyzzer's Dz (Z), Epidemic diarrhea of infant mice, Sendai virus, Chronic murine pneumonia, and Hanta Virus
What dz is xmitted to humans by contact w/ mouse urine & feces but lab mice don't have?: Hanta virus
Three uses for rats: pets, research, food
Rats have no ______________: gall bladder
Rats are not able to ________: vomit
Rats have very sensitive ________ and very acute __________: retinas, hearing
Are rats diurnal or nocturnal?: nocturnal
Rats & guinea pigs are coprophagic - what does this mean and why do they do it?: Eat their own feces, to regain nutrients
Bleeding techniques for rats: lateral tail vein, cardia puncture, orbital sinus, vena cava puncture
Why don't you need to fast a rat before anesthesia?: They don't vomit
What is the name of the rat condition characterized by secretions from the eyes that turn red on contact w/ air?: Chromodacryorrhea (red tears)
What is ringtail in rats caused by? What does it look like?: Caused by humidity levels lower than 25-50% in the housing area. Looks like a rubberband has been placed on the tail - edema and necrosis
The incisors on many rats are open-rooted. What does this mean?: constantly growing
What causes overgrown teeth in rats? What doesn't cause it?: Not caused by lack of things to chew on, rather from a malocclusion. A normal bite will wear down the teeth naturally
What dz conditions/parasites do rats share w/ mice?: tumors, mites, lice, pinworms, tapeworms, sendai virus, Tyzzer's dx (Z)
What condition is common in pet rats?: obesity
Any anorexic rat should have what examined?: Its teeth
What are the three main breeds of guinea pigs?: abyssinian, peruvian, and english
What are two uses for guinea pigs?: research, pets
What is a factor to consider when thinking of a guinea pig for a pet?: The are very allergenic
Why is it recommended that a guinea pig be taken away from its owners when it is worked on?: They are very vocal - can be distressing for owners
Why are male guinea pigs separated?: they tend to fight
What might guinea pigs do when excited?: stampede
_____________ of guinea pigs are established early in life. If changed they may become anorexic and depressed: food patterns
What vitamin needs to be supplemented in a guinea pig's diet? Why?: Vitamin C - scurvy
What are signs of scurvy?: won't form/damages connective tissue - lameness, teeth fall out
Guinea pigs should be mated before what age? Why?: 10 months - pelvic bones fuse around this time and babies won't pass
How are most lab rodents sexed?: Anal-genital distance
Why are bleedings and other techniques difficult on guinea pigs?: They stress easily and can die from it. Owners should be warned.
What are some bleeding techniques for guinea pigs?: nail clip, cardiac puncture, jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava
What do guinea pigs often do under gas anesthesia?: Hold their breath
What is something that should be kept in mind when rx antibiotics for guinea pigs and hamsters?: antibiotic toxicity - can cause fatal enteritis and septicemia
What guinea pig intestinal parasite is potentially zoonotic?: Cryptosporidium
What guinea pig dz condition can cause alopecia on the head and is zoonotic?: ringworm
What is lyphadenitis AKA in guinea pigs? What are the signs?: Lumps - lymph nodes (usually in neck) swell and abscess
What are two obstetrical problems in guinea pigs?: heat stroke, dystocia
What condition are female guinea pigs over three years of age predisposed to?: Cystic calculi/bladder stones
What is the common name of hepatic lipidosis? What lab animal is it seen in? What is it caused by?: Fatty liver dz, guinea pigs, caused by anorexia
What guinea pig condition is usually a dental problem and is shown w/ saliva soaked fur under the chin and lethargy?: Slobbers
What guinea pig condition is an infection of the toes & pads of the feet and is typically seen in obese pigs on wire or abrasive bedding?: pododermatitis
Why is it best to get hamsters at a young age?: Because they are aggressive - need to get at a young age and handle a lot to keep them tame
Are male or female hamsters for aggressive?: female
What lab animal has large cheek pouches that extend as far back as the scapula?: Hamsters
What are the dark brown patches bilatterally along the back of hamsters called? Are they more prominent in males or females?: Flank gland, males
What lab animal hates to be disturbed while sleeping and are known to be biters?: Hamsters
What lab animal is nocturnal w/ short periods of diurnal activity?: hamsters
What lab animal can go into a states of pseudohibernation?: Hamster
What lab animal is a solitary and very active animal?: Hamster
What is present on the day of ovulation for a hamster? What should this not be mistaken for?: An odiferous discharge will be released - should not be mistaken for a bacterial infection
What is the name of a small zoonotic tapeworm that hamsters can have?: Hymenplepis nana
"Transmissible ileal hyperplasia" is commonly known as what? What lab animal gets it? Signs?: Wet tail, hamsters - wt. loss, lethargy, diarrhea, wet/ulcerated perianal area
Whhat condition could affect the cheek pouch of hamsters?: Cheek pouch impaction - seeds get stuck in there and can germinate out of the mouth or through the pouches
In which lab animal is crystaluria comman and they are also susceptible to stones?: Hamsters
What lab animal at an old age often developes heart dz: Hamsters
What lab animal is capable of condensing urine 1000x or better: gerbils
What animal is overall the cleanest and least odiferous of all rodents? Why?: gerbil - they don't pee much
What lab rodent is illegal in CA because of feral potential?: gerbils
What lab rodent is has a high heat tolerance, very efficient re: water consumption, and has a yellow-tan midventral scent gland that is prominent in males?: gerbils
What lab rodent is primarily diurnal, likes to burrow, and will stomp rear feet if territorially threatened or interrupted during coitus?: gerbil
What lab rodent must not be picked up by the tail? Why: gerbil - will deglove
What lab rodent is said to form monogomous pairs?: gerbils
In what lab rodent do epileptiform seizures strike 20-40% of the population over 2 month of age?: gerbils
Bald nose is a dz condition of what lab rodent?: gerbils

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