COM230 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- When messages contradict, _______ are more believable.
- nonverbals
- Movements and gestures that that replace spoken messages are called ______.
- emblems
- Are emblems cross-cultural?
- No.
- expressions of feeling of emotion are called ____.
- affective display
- _______ manage an interaction (kinesic movement that helps start, stop, maintain interaction)
- Regulators
- ______ help group members adapt, satisfy personal needs (tension release, comfort)
- Adaptors
- 3 kinds of Adaptors:
-
1. self : fidgeting
2. object: necklace, clothes
3. altar: touching others - What is territoriality?
- how animals stake out and defend given areas.
- Higher/lower status individuals generally attempt to claim more territory
- Higher
- When people are seated in a circle they are more like to talk to those across from them or people on either side of them?
- across
- _____ tend to sit closer to others.
- Women
- 3 Approaches to time
-
1) flexible
2) separation
3) concurrency - the __________ approach to time sets fewer deadlines and provides groups and members more autonomy.
- flexible
- the _______ approach group separates themselves from others when working on a group task
- separation
- using the _______ approach, groups multitask and combine projects and activities
- concurrency approach
- Using the flexible approach, what should the group pay attention to?
- monitor deadlines closely
- Using the separation approach, what should the group pay attention to?
- ensure you odn't separate yourselves so far from the organization that you lose sign of the organizational goals.
- Using the concurrency approach, what should a group be aware of/
- need added structure and a system to keep track of varoius projects
- Is gesturing highly correlated with being a leader?
- yes
- T/F Perceived leaders use shoulder and arm gestures more often?
- T
- What do persuasive communicators exhibit more of?
- use more animated facial expressions, use more gestures to emphasize their points, and nod their heads more.
- People trying to project warm, friendly images will be more likely to _____, be less ______, and more like to _______________.
- smile, fidgety, shift their postures toward others
- What is synchrony?
- people mirroring others' behaviors
- A high/low context culture places more emphasis on nonverbal communication.
- high context
- Space issues in high contact cultures
- people in cultures are more comfortable being touched or being in close proximity to others
- Space issues in low contact cultures
- prefer more personal space, have less eye contact, dont like being touched.
- Is the USA a high contact or low contact culture?
- low contact
- ________ move closer to women than to men
- Both sexes
- _____ move closer to others than do ____.
- women, men
- ____ have less eye contact
- Men
- _____ use more facial expressions
- women
- ___ use more gestures
- men
- ____ initiate touch more often than ___.
- men, women
- _____ speak with less volume
- women
- In general do men/women tend to be more accurate in receiving and interpreting nonverbal messages?
- women
- ___ typically have higher status.
- men
- Behaviors that signal like/dislike, attract is called _______.
- Immediacy
- Immediacy cues
- touch, fwd lean, close personal space, eye contact
- behaviors that communicate power, status, influence is called ________.
- potency/power
- potency/power cues
- protected space, increased distance, relaxed posture
- behaviors that communicate active interactions, attention, and interest is called ____-.
- responsiveness
- Responsiveness cues
- eye contact, vocal cues, animiated facial expressions, body movement
- _____% of what North American culture communicates is conveyed in nonverbal behavior
- 60-70
- When nonverbals and verbals contradict, we trust _____ cues.
- nonverbal
- Emotions and relational messages are conveyed in ___________ cues.
- nonverbal
- Function of emblems
- substitute for verbal communication
- Are emblems culturally specific?
- yes
- Function of illustrators?
- Used to support language by describing and clarifying
- are illustrators culturally specific?
- no
- What are the intrinisic/cross-cultural displays?
- Illustators, Affective Display, Adaptors, Regulators
- Questions of fact
- asks whether something happened or did not
- Question of value
- concerns attitudes, beliefs, and values about what is good or bad or right or wrong
- Questions of policy
- questions that help groups determine what course of action or policy change would enable them to solve a problem or reach a decision
- a method of arriving at a general or bottom-line conclusion through the use of specific examples, facts, stats, and opinions
- Inductive Reasoning
- the process of going from a general statemetn or pinciple to a specific conclusion.
- Deductive Reasoning
- the process of relating two or more events and concluding that one event caused the other
- causal reasoning
- the inappropriate assumption that one event is the cause of another
- causal fallacy
- bandwagon fallacy is aka _________.
- appeal to popular opinion
- when someone tries to convince you that an idea is good simply beacuse everyone else thinks its a good idea.
- bandwagon fallacy/appeal to popular opinion
- when a person reaches a conclusion from too little evidence or evidence that doesn't exist
- hasty generalization
- attacking the person
- attacking irrelevant personal characteristics about someone rather than examining the idea or proposal he or she is advancing.
- mindlessness
- we can mindlessly carry out our daily tasks
- Compliance Rate: "May I use the copy machine because I'm late to class?"
- 94%
- Compliance Rate: "May I use the Xerox machine?"
- 60%
- Compliance Rate: "May I use the Xerox machine because I need to make copies?"
- 93%
- social proof
- if others do it, it must be correct
- to fight social proof:
- Appeal to Authority
- Reasoning from example aKA __________________
- inductive reasoning
- 2 Types of Inductive Reasoning
-
1) examining many instances then generate a conclusion
2) examining one instance and make some conclusion - Reasoning form Generalization & Axiom aka ____________
- Deductive reasoning
- A generalization is applied to a specific situation
- Reasoning from Generalization & axiom or deductive reasoning
- Reasoning from sign
- based on "Symptoms" or signs
- Reasoning from parallel case:
- reasoning by analogy
- Reasoning from causal relation
- one instance leads to another
- a claim is erroroneously based on the logic of nature
- Naturalistic fallacy
- a claim is erroneously based strictly on traditions
- genetic fallcy
-
an argument is erroneously based on
1) incomplete knowledge
2) double negatives - appeal to ignorance
- a claim is based only on the endorsement of an unqualified "expert"
- Appeal to Authority
- one associates a certain stimulus to an outcome
- sequential fallacy
- (tautological) an argument assumes that which it seeks to prove
- Begging the Question
- wording of argument is conveniently unclear
- fallacy of ambiguity