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Hlth 431 2nd Exam

Terms

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dioxin
sub causing chloracne
lead
sub causing anemia
DNA
what is the hereditary material sometimes referred to as the "master molecule"?
inhalation, skin absorption
route of entry of inorganic mercury
mutation
any change in the genetic make-up of a cell
chlorinated hydrocarbons
which group of synthetic orgnic insecticides has caused serious environmental problems because of their tendency to concentrate through biomagnification?
DES
What teratogenic drug, taken to prevent miscarriage, caused serious helath problems what weren't manifested until victims exposed in utero reached young adulthood?
FDA
What gaency of the federal government regulateds food additives and contaminants
declining
Currenly, what is the situation in the US regarding the incidience rate of cancer in general?
fatty tissues
Where in the body does dioxin accumulate?
ingestion
route of entry of methyl mercury
animal testing
in assessing health risk, how do investigaotrs typically detrmine whether or not hte substance in question poses a threat to humans?
2-9
During which weeks of fetal development is vulnerability to teratogenic agents greatest
anti-coagulents
What type of chemical rodenticides are available to the general public
Norovirus
What is the most frequent cause for outbreaks of viral foodborne diseases?
black-legged tick
Cause of lyme disease
T
PCB's are very useful synthetic organic chemicals that have been used in a wide range of industrial products
mosquito
cause of malaria
chromsome abnormality
gross structural changes in a chromosome usually caused by loss, addition, or reversal of chromsome parts
Silent Spring
What book by Rachel Carson first alerted the general public to the problems posed by pesticides?
lycopene
name an anti-carcinogen found in certain foods
latency period
the time between the initial exposure of a cell to acancer-causing substance and the subsequent development of a malignancy
46
What is the normal human chromosome number?
arsenic compounds
What were the major insecticides used in the US until the end of WWII
phocomelia
What type of irth defect was caused by prenatal exposure to thalidomide?
Tobacco
Whath single carcinogenic agent is responsible for over 30% of all US cancer deaths
mosquito
cause of dengue fever
alcohol
Give an example of a substance that can act as a mutagen, a teratogen, and a carcinogen
mesothelioma
Whath ailment is considered a "marker disease" for asbestos?
carcinogen
a substance that can cause cancer
down's syndrome
Name a human ailment caused by the presence of one additional chromsome per cell
West Nile Virus
What recently introduced mosquito-borne disease has spread across the US, causing numerous fatalities
gene
sectoin along a chromosome, consisting of approximately 1500 base pairs, responsible for the production of a particular protein
mosquito
cause of encephalitis
feces
contamination with what substance ha benn identified as the source of E. Coli 0157:H7
mercury
sub causing minamata disease
housefly
cause of typhoid fever
T
In spite of the fact that PCBs were developed strictly for industrial use, they have become very widespread throughout the natural environment
adulterants
inferior and cheaper materials added to supposedly pure food products to stretch supplies and increase profit
mercury
sub causing fetal brain damage
LD50
what is the term used to describe the actue toxicity of a chemical
lead paint
what is the singel most freqnet cause of childhood lead poisoning?
S. Aureus
For what bacterial foodborne disease do symptoms appear most rapidly after eating the contaminated food?
Aflatoxins & hepatitis B
Give an example of a synergistic relationship regarding cancer risk
Yes
is there a threshold level for exposure to a teratogenic agent
DNA
What substance has the functions of passing genetic info and giving instruction for protein synthesis
mercury
sub causing Mad Hatters' Disease
tumor-suppressor genes
genes that act to halt uncontrolled multiplication of cells
T
Dioxin is a very stable chemical, persisting in soils for many years after desposition
inhalation, ingestion
route of entry of asbestos
asian tiger mosquito
what exotic pest entered the Us in shipments of old tire casings and subsequently spread throuout learge areas of the country?
lead
sub causing learning disabilities
threshold
on a dose-response curve, what is the term used to indicate the point at which the prviously horizontal line begins to curve upward?
T
Asbestosis develops only after years of exposure ot hihg concentrations os asbestos fibers
asbestos
In modern times, which of the toxic substances has been responsible for the largest incidience of deaths and disabling diseases
T
The 1986 asbestos hazard emergency response act not only requires schools to inspect for the presence of asbestos but also to carry out an abatement plan if asbestos-containing materials are found
lung & bronchus
What type of cancer kills the most people each year?
ingestion
route of entry of dioxin
housefly
cause of dysentery
no threshold
for purposes of regulation, what assumption regarding carincogens currently prevails for assessing cancer risk?
housefly
cause of cholera
T
Mercury is an exmaple of a toxic substance that bioaccumulates as it moves up the food chain
asbestos
Sub causing lung cancer
2,4,5-T
What constituent of Agent Orange is blamed for the alleged health damage associated with its use?
body lice
cause of typhus fever
inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption
route of entry of PCBs
organogenesis
Why is this particular period of fetal development most critical?
Agent orange
What was the name of the chemical defoliant used by the US military during the Vietnam War
mites
cause of scabies
tomato
Givie an example ofa food containing lycopene
Rubella
Name an infectios disease against which all women should be immunized prior to reaching childbearing age
paralytic shellfish poisoning
shellfish sanitation and inspection programs are rigoursly implemented by the federal government to forestall outbreaks of _______________
waste incinerators
what consitutes the largest source of dioxin entering the environment at present
Pap smear test
Why have mortality rates for uterine cancer declined drastically in recent decades
poultry
What food is the leading cause of Campylobactor food poisoning
F
inorganix forms of mercury are more toxic to humans than are organix mercury compounds such as methyl mercury
tumor suppressor gene P53
More than half of all human cancers studied have been shown to contain a mutant form of what gene?
body wall
What is the route of entry of a contact poison
exposure assessments
what is the least relaiable and most problematic step in the risk assessment process?
Scombroid poisoning
Consumption of tuna fish that aren't properly chilled after catching my result in a type of food poisoning called ___________
F
lead that is inhaled poses less risk to adults that does lead that is ingested
oncogenes
mutant genes that cause cells to divide endlessly when they should not
2,4 - D
Give an example of a selective herbicide
diabetes
name a human disease caused by a single point mutation
contaminants
substances accidentally incorporated into foods which are assumed harmless until proven otherwise
T
lead-base housepaint is still causing lead-poisoning cases among childen
promoting agent
substance that, after prolonged contact, can cause a cellw hich was previosuly exposed to acancer-causing agent to commence malignant growth
lead-poisoning
what is regarded as the most important environmental health problem affectin american children?
DDT
For what accomplishment did Paul Muller win the 1948 Nobe Prize in physiology and medicine?
biomagnification
What is the term used to describe the process bywhich toxic substances that are present in only minute amounts in the genral environment beomce more and more conenctrated as they more up the food chain?
PCB
sub causing disruption of hormonal system
rat flea
cause of bubonic plague
Safrole
Name a food subsance that has been taken off the list of approved food additives
mutagen
a substance that can induce a mutation
F
lung damage, especially lung cancer, is the major problem experienced by those who inhale mercury vapors
mosquito
cause of yellow fever
560,000
How many deaths in the US today are caused by some form of cancer?
folic acid
neuaral tube defects could largely be prevented if pregnant women receive adequate amounts of what dietary supplement
point mutation
mutation at the molecular level within a gene
uncontrolled cell proliferation
what common characteristic is shared by the various diseases collectively called 'cancer'?
T
The food most directly associated with increasing human body levels of PCBs is freshwater fish
asbestosis & lung cancer
cirgarette somking significantly enhances the risk of which two asbestosi-related diseases?
proto-oncogenes
genes that give instructions for cells to begin dividing
chronic
A chemical that can damage halth when exposure is repeated low doses occurs over an extended time period can be said to exhibit ______ toxicity
T
Ingesting asbestos with drinking water, as opposed to inhaliing asbestos fibers, does not appear to increase the risk of asbestos-reated disease
F
the most common adverse health effect associated with PCB exposure is liver cancer
T
The recommended method for disposal fo asbestos wastes following an abatement project is burial in a sanitary landfill
F
mesothelioma is currently the leading cause of asbestos-related death in the US
contaminant
Food Defect Action Levels have been set by the federal government to regulate what kind of food quality problem?
aflatoxin
name a naturally occurring carcinogen found in certain foods
T
elevated levels of PCB have been found in farmed salmon due to contamination of their feed with this toxic substance
Growth hormone
What controversial food product is the subject of an acrimonious food safety debate between the US and the EU
non-polyposic colon cancer
Name a kind of cancer for which a genetic predispotition has been established
lead
sub causing gout
helminth infections
what type of food quality problem has become increasingly common among lovers of sushi and ceviche
inhalation, ingestion
route of entry of lead
F
Encapsulation is the most commonly chosen asbestos abatement option
DEET
Name a mosquite repellent advocated by EPA as both safe and effective for people of all ages
mosquito
cause of West Nile Virus
water hemlock
What plant is responsible for more fatal poinsoning due to misidentification than any other speciies?
rice
Give an example of a food sometimes contaminated with aflatoxin
F
Dioxin's repuatoin as an extrememly toxic chemical is due to the fact that hamsters are quikcly killed by very minute doses of TCDD
initiation
an irreversible change in the genetic material caused by a brief interaction with a cancer-causing substance
PCB
The 1976 Toxic Substance Control Act specifically banned the production and use of what substance?
dioxin
The Times Beac, Missouri, evacuation was motivated by EPA concerns about the presence there of what toxic chemical
arthritis
What chronic health problem may result as a consequence of asalmonellosias infection
T
occupational exposure to mercury fumes is widespread among dentists and dental hygienists
fish
Ciquatoxin is a poison found in ________--
brown recluse
name a spider that leaves a large, ugly scar
additives
substances added to food to modify its taste, color, texure, nutritive value, appearance, resistance to deterioration, etc.
Carcinogenic ingredients
What does the Delaney Clause prohibit?
F
When taken into living org's, pcb accumulate in the bones
teratogen
substance that cuases birth defects
organophosphates
which group of contact poisons is most acutely toxic to the applicator and hence is the cause of most human pesticide poisonings?
F
TCDD (dioxin) has been manufactured for use in hundreds of valuable commerical products
foodborne disease
food poisoning
F
Even at very low levels of exposure, dioscin has been shown to cause both liver cancer and severe birth defects in humans
T
only friable asbestos presents serious health concerns in public buildings
T
There is no convincing evidence that PCBs cause any chronic health problems in humans
asthma
What serious health problem often affects children living in cockroach infested residences
asbestos
sub causing mesothelioma
round-up
give an example of a nonselective herbicide
chelation
What painful treatment method is prescribed for severe lead-poisoning cases

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