plants in human affairs
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is an alkaloid?
- it's a combination of C, H, O, and N = poisonous
- Why is there wax in plants?
- to protect from UV rays
- How does it happen that Sorghum plants kill yuou when you eat a young plant?
- epidermis vacuole contains DHURRIN
- How is sugar cane planted?
- propagation? perennial
- what is a gycoside?
-
a compund of sugar with another, physiologically active, organic molecule.
- What is a triglyceride?
- a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids
- What's a drupe? give example
-
-1 seeded
-thin exocarp
-fleshy meso
-stony endocarp
ex. - plums, cherries, peaches, coconut - How is Tempeh made
-
1. Cook soybeans
2. inoculate with rhizopus (black bread mold) - What's Lecithin?
- a phosphoglyceride; mixed phospholipids and soybean oil (wetting and emulsifying agent, PAM, gum)
- What three oils are simply labeled vegetable oil because they are indistinguishable?
- cottonseed, soybean, palm
- What is important about the discovery of Zea diploperennis?
- it has 20 chromosomes and resistant to insect pests and disease
- What three categories do plants, relating to man's health, fall into?
-
-to alter state of mind
-health and nutrition
-to injure - What is cocoa butter?
- white chocolate is cocoa butter which solidifies to a brittle pale yellow
- How did sweet clover cause the death of cattle?
- it contained dicoumarin (grew in the mold in moldy hay)
- How is fructose obtained from corn?
- by adding an enzyme to the glucose
- How is tofu made?
-
1. crush soy beans
2. heat them to near boiling
3. remove resulting liquid (soy milk)
4. coagulate milk with NaCl
5. press curds - What is unusual about the flowers from the cocoa tree?
- They are cauliforus?
- Why is soybean an ideal food for vegetarians?
- it's high in protein and it contains essential amino acids.
- Describe a corn plant. WHat does it look like?
-
-male inflorence - tassle contains male spiklets dangling from upper floret
-silks, adherent pollen grains extend from pistal to female spiklet in the ear
-contains nodes below the ear, have arudementary ears w/ reduced grain set - What does digitalis (Foxglove)do as a medicine?
- -heart stimulant, causes stronger contraction, more blood flow (to treat dropsy)
- Where does the cocoa tree grow?
-
It only grows 20 degrees above and below the equator.
(Ivory Coast produces 50% of the worlds cocoa) - Who was Dioscordies?
- an army surrgeon under Nero, wrote "De Materia Medica" an herbal listing.
- dent corn
-
-principal commercial feed
-white or yellow (white is hominy)
-hard, horny endospern
-found in cornmeal - What unusual about the leaves of the cocoa tree?
- double articulation: they can catch light from the canopy
- What is the Doctrine of Signatures?
- developed in the middle ages by Peracelsus; plant remedy
- besides the ovary, what other tissue make up a fruit?
-
-sepal bundle
-petal bundle
-floral tube
-dorsal and out layer of carpel
-endocarp
-seeds - Name one bark used in medicine
- Fever-Bark Tree
- Why are two sperm present in each grain of pollen?
-
double fertilization
-one combines with egg
-one combines polar nuclei (making endosperm) - Why is raw sugar better for you than white?
- contains iron and protein (white doesn't)
- What determines fruit quality in grapes
- -
- Why is it good advice to eat potatoe skins?
- protein is located next to the skin
- Describe a corn kernal in terms of the tissues found. Where is the oil found?
-
-seed coat
-layer of protein under aleurone layer
-horny endosperm
-starchy endosperm
-embryo (oil found here) - How is sugar extracted from sugar cane?
-
- crushed between rollers 3 or 4 times, and rinsed b/t each press
- lime added to press water to precipitate impurities
- filter and evaporate = crystals of raw sugar
- raw sugar redissolved in hot water
- filtered through charcoal (absorbes impurities)
- white sugar
- what's a berry? give example
-
-compound ovary
-all pericarp is flesh except exocarp (skin-like)
ex - grapes, bananas, tomatoes - What is the difference between macaroni pasta wheat and bread wheat?
-
-macaroni wheat - (tetraploid)durum, sticky, starchy
-bread wheat - (hexaploid) contains glutenin and gliadin which trap gas and allow the dough to rise - what's a follicle? give example
-
-simple pistil
-1 side splits
ex - milkweed, magnolias, x-mas rose - What is meant by unsaturated fatty acid?
- lots of double bonds b/t the C atoms
- What is unique about the hard covering on a kernel of corn?
-
-called caryopsis
-ovary wall and seed coat are fused together - How is cassava prepared for eating?
-
to rid of linamarin
-peel tuber
-pound or shred
-soaking/leaching
-squeezing - How is champagne made
- -
- Why is there a renewed interest in finding wild trees containing this bark?
- malaria parasites are developing resisitence to our synthesized medicine, but not to quanine
- How do you create a blush wine like White Zinfandel?
- leave in the skins
- How is sugar extracted from beets?
-
- wash
- slice or shred
- diffusion (steep in hot circulating water)
- press tissue
- precipitate w/ lime
- bubbling CO2 to precipitate CaCarbonate (carries down impurities)
(- pulp pressed into cake for cattle) - What changes take place in fruit as it ripens?
-
-starch to sugar
-chlorophyll break down - What is Semolina?
- Durum wheat that is more coarsely ground than normal wheat flours, a result that is often obtained by sifting out the finer flour. Most good PASTA is made from semolina.
- What are the three layers of the pericarp?
-
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp - What's the difference between a fat and an oil?
-
fats - solid at room temp
oils - liquid at room temp
- What's the difference between upland and lowland rice?
-
- Upland - non-irrigated, or irrigated but not pond flooded
- Lowland - continuously pond flooded - List the steps in wine making.
-
-(remove skins if white)
-crush grapes, remove seeds
used yeast (controlled)for fermentation
-clarification in settling vats (takes impurities to the bottom
-racking (removes CO2)
-aging (in a breathable container like oak) - Name the ingredients for "witches ointment"
-
mandrake
belladone
henbane
datura
fat of a stillborn - Explain the pericarp of a coconut.
-
-thin hairy exocarp
-fleshy mesocarp
-stony endocarp - What are the two by-products of sugar cane?
- molasses and raw sugar
- What is unique about wheat gluten?
- insoluable in water...makes bread dry
- What is a secondary plant product?
- It something that the plant produces that is not essential for its survival, but attracts other organisms, so it will be used
- pod corn
-
-kernals enclosed in floral bracts or glumes
-ears covered w/ husks
- What's unusual about the sugar beet seed?
- as the ovary matures, perianths fuse = several ovaries on a single seed -- "seed ball"
- What problems occued when our N. American grape vine, Vitis labrusca, was introduced to Europe?
- a symbiotic aphid on the root wiped out the native european wine population
- What is the poisonous plant in "witches ointment?"
- mandrake
- What is "raw sugar?"
- unrefined sugar
- How is a hybrid corn plant produced?
-
-self-fertilized for five generations
-single crossed
-double crossed - indica vs. japonica rice
-
- indica - long, fluffed when cooked
- japonica - short, sticky - popcorn
-
-excessive horny endosperm
-kernals smaller than dent corn
-center of endosperm consists of cells w/ lots of water surrounded by harder drier tissue - How are rice seeds treated to be sown in an airplane?
-
-soaked
-coated with sticky agent to hold layer of talc
-micronutrients
-fungicide
-herbicide - What is an aggregate fruit?
-
-many separate pistils
-one flower
-many fruitlets
ex - raspberry - Why is the sweet potatoe a popular crop in Japan?
- typhoon insurance
- Why is high lysine corn an important genetic introduction?
- lysine is an essential amino acid
- How are liquid oils changed to solid for use in margarines?
- hydrogen bonds are added
- flour corn
-
-soft endosperm
-very little if any horny endosperm
-called soft or squaw corn - What's the reason that oil is found in seeds rather than starch?
- Oil contains twice as much energy than starch
- What is a multiple fruit? give example.
-
-formed from individual ovaries of several flowers
ex - figs, pineapples - What's the biggest problem with growing grapes in Iowa
- herbicide drift
- sweet corn
-
-wrinkled translucent seed with much sugar
-more sugar than field corn
-eat quickly - sugar starts to turn to starch once picked