apush ch.12
second great awakening / reform
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- World's Anti-Slavery Convention (1840)
- Garrison and followers left because they refused to seat Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Ernestine Rose
- young Jewish activist; campaigned to reform NY state laws limiting rights of married women
- Catharine Beecher
- influential writer on domesticity; campaigned to make schoolteaching a woman's occupation
- Frances Wright
- gathered community of slaves at Nashoba, Tennessee; implemented "rational cooperation": slaves work for their freedom
- Henry David Thoreau
- lived by himself in the woods; wrote Walden
- Elijah Lovejoy
- antislavery editor in South; shot and killed
- vigilance communities
- protect fugitives and thwart slave-catchers
- William Lloyd Garrison
- white abolitionist; supported immediate emancipation without emigration; founded American Anti-Slavery Society
- New York (1820s)
- where the more radical form of revivalism took place
- lyceums
- discourses by creative thinkers; discuss latest scientific discourses and debate issues
- revivalism
- effective means to extend religious values
- southern evangelical churches
- focus of community life in rural areas, conservative; avoided radical social reform (slavery)
- American Temperance Society (1826)
- encouraged abstinence from hard liquor
- deism
- belief in God who expressed himself through natural laws
- Thomas Herttel
- political radical freethinker; introduced first bill to reform NY state's marriage laws
- "gag rule" (1836)
- Southerners forced Congress to adopt rule requiring abolitionist petitions be tabled without being read
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- skeptical of transcendentalism and utopianism; dangers of pursuing perfection; wrote The Scarlet Letter
- benefits of cult of domesticity
- leisure to read; charities; friendships; sororities; solidarity and identity; break social class barriers
- Theodore Parker
- Unitarian theologian and radical reformer
- social reform
- as a result of northern Second Great Awakening
- Liberia (1821)
- West African colony established by American Colonization Society; African-Americans were settled there
- institutional reform
- extend advantages of "family government"; established public institutions to shape character and discipline
- American Colonization Society
- religious and moral concern over slavery=eliminated gradually; provided transportation to Africa for free blacks
- "infidelity"
- Catholics, freethinkers, Unitarians, Mormons, etc.
- radical ideas
- secular humanists, freethinkers, new path to religious/spiritual fulfillment
- black abolitionism
- beginning of abolitionist movement; depended on support of northern free blacks; exposed realities of bondage
- Shakers
- a.k.a. Millennial Church or Society of Believers; sexual equality, religious fervor through dancing, communal ownership, celibacy
- racism in the North
- anti-abolitionist violence; working-class white feared competition with freed slaves; threatened social order and hierarchy
- camp meetings
- highly emotional religious gatherings; emotional outlet for rural people
- northern evangelism
- spurred formation of societies devoted to redemption of human race and American society
- Lyman Beecher
- first great practitioner of new Calvinism; series of revivals in congregational churches in New Eng. acknowledging sin and surrender to God
- Rochester, NY (1830-1831)
- most dramatic and successful of the religious revivals
- American Anti-Slavery Society Convention (1840)
- Garrison-led supporters elected a woman abolitionist to committee; alienated and shocked some of its members
- educational reform (1820-1850)
- children: expansion of public education; adults: lyceums, debating societies, mechanics' institutes
- Negro Convention Movement
- forum for independent black expression
- American Peace Society (1828)
- antiwar organization
- American Tract Society (1825)
- publication and distribution of religious tracts
- The Liberator
- antislavery journal published by Garrison
- Second Great Awakening (North)
- began in New Eng. and western NY by Congregationalists and Presbyterians; in small-medium towns and cities
- transcendentalism
- literary and philosophical movement; American version of romantic and idealist; emphasized higher form of reason and oneness with the universe
- Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)
- by David Walker; most influential black publication; most vigorous language and called for black revolt
- McGuffey's Eclectic Readers (1836)
- "Protestant ethic": stressed industry, punctuality, sobriety, and frugality
- Nathaniel Taylor
- main theologian of early 19th century neo-Calvanism; individual=free agent who had ability to overcome natural inclination to sin
- circuit riders
- uneducated farmers licensed by the Baptists to preach because there were no regular ministers
- Lane Rebels
- Weld and comrades were kicked out of Lane Theological Seminary for their actions of anti-slavery
- Charles Fourier
- French utopian theorist; idea of cooperative communities: everyone does fair share of the work
- utopian socialism
- community based on equal ownership and property
- prison reform
- solitary confinement, segregated male/female, rigid daily routines
- Unitarians
- deny the doctrine of the Trinity
- Margaret Fuller
- leading woman intellectual; "Woman in the Nineteenth Century" (1845)
- Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
- organized by Stanton and Mott; first national gathering of feminists; demanded all women given right to vote and married women be free from unjust laws
- black male abolitionists
- Frederick Douglass, Charles Remond, William Wells Brown, Robert Purvis
- black female abolitionists
- Frances Harper, Sojourner Truth, Maria Stewart
- Tappan Brothers
- successful merchants in NYC; used wealth to fund antislavery activities and pamphlets
- moral reform societies
- reform dueling, gambling, and prostitution; establish asylums
- Brook Farm (1841)
- cooperative community in Mass. founded by Rev. George Ripley; excellent school/education system influenced by transcendentalism
- cult of domesticity
- a.k.a. Cult of True Womanhood; women in domestic sphere as guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of the home
- Theodore Dwight Weld
- exemplified revivalism and abolitionism; instigated series of abolitionist revivals; converted new abolitionists and founded antislavery societies
- American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
- Lewis Tappan and others withdrew after the American Anti-Slavery Society Convention and formed this society
- "century of the child"
- 19th century; focus on child rearing; more intimate relationship between parent/child; literature aimed at juveniles; corporal punishment declined
- marriage/love
- new value on ties of affection and romantic love
- Second Great Awakening (Frontier)
- began in southern frontier 1801; affected religious life in South/Midwest
- Timothy Dwight
- president of Yale 1795; provoked series of campus revivals at Yale
- protracted meetings
- emphasized in local southern churches; featured guest preachers
- Harriet Tubman and Josiah Henson
- ex-slaves; made regular trips into slave states to lead other blacks to freedom
- "non-government" philosophy
- Garrison adopted extreme measures; abolitionists abstain from voting and participating in corrupt politics
- Underground Railroad
- path for fugitives from slavery; enterprise run by free blacks and benevolent whites ("stations")
- Dorothea Dix
- publicized inhumane treatment in asylums; lobby for corrective action
- debating societies
- foster independent thought and encourage new ideas
- black newspapers
- Freedom's Journal (1821), North Star (1847); black writers preach gospel of liberation to black readers
- Grimke Sisters
- rebellious daughters of S. Carolinian slaveholder; public speakers against slavery
- Charles G. Finney
- led a series of highly successful revivals in towns/cities like NY; appealed to emotion
- Fourierist phalanxes
- communities spurred by Fourier's ideas; established in Northeast/Midwest; live and work in a communal atmosphere
- women's rights movement
- spurred by abolitionism; extend the cause of emancipation to include women
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- brilliant essayist and lecturer; leading transcendental philosopher
- Oneida community
- Oneida, NY; founded by John Humphrey Noyes; unorthodox Christian perfectionism; outlawed traditional marriage; in favor of "free love"
- domestic feminism
- spurred crusades against intemperance, gambling, and sexual vices
- Robert Owen
- British reformer and manufacturer; founded New Harmony, Indiana
- separate spheres
- women belong at home; men in public spheres
- Walden (1854)
- by Thoreau, about living life of simplicity in nature; one of the greatest achievements in American literature
- "The Benevolent Empire"
- major force in American culture; cooperating missionary and reform societies
- Horace Mann
- most influential supporter of common school movement; established state board of education and tax support for local schools; against corporal punishment
- Shakers and Oneida
- most successful of pre-Civil war utopianism
- family
- institution played a new role in society during the Second Great Awakening
- temperance movement
- most successful of the revivalist crusades; inpsired by Lyman Beecher
- northern revivalism converts
- mostly middle class citizens
- Henry C. Wright
- formed New England Non-Resistance Society; advocated absolute pacifism and denied self-defense and govt. coercion
- childhood
- distinct stage of life requiring special attention of adults; essential preparation for Christian life
- "discovery of asylum"
- confinement and reformation of deviants; state-supported prisons, insane asylums, and poorhouses
- radical reform
- total liberation and perfection of individual