American Heritage 100
Terms
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- How are nations usually defined?
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Territory
Language
Religion
Ethnicity - How is America defined?
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-economic abundance: usu. constant, an expectation/aspiration for those who haven't experienced it
-buying into American political creed: equality, rights - Maryland
- Lord Baltimore;haven for Catholics, Protestant servants come; religious civil war
- Pennsylvania
- William Penn, Quaker; religious toleration for Christians, still lack of unity/brotherhood
- Great Awakening
- series of revivals; emotional, unlearned style; charismatic preachers: Edwards, Whitefield
- Great Awakening's impact
- evangelicals persecuted; set stage for opposing civil and religious authority's alliance; evangelicals became architects for religous freedom
- Enlightenment
- 18th century philosophical movement; John Locke; influenced relig., edu., science, art, philos.; Constitution
- Core Enlightenment Precepts
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-faith in reason
-ancient civilizations=guide
-human nature=basically good
-irrational/corrupt institutions = reason for men's follies
-new, rational institutions would free human spirit of constraints of old
-orderly, gradual reform - Enlightenment and Religion
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-philosophers=anticlerical
-state church held ppl. down
-not atheists, but Deists ("Clockmaker God"- set mechanism in motion, then sit back and let it run, ex.: stars= orderly mechanism, rational laws, predictable) - Age of Reason
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Tom Paine
-anti Bible ("word of a demon")
-monotheistic
-discover god through reason - Human Predicament
- Tyranny--Revolution--Anarchy(chaos)--Competing Groups--Tyranny again
- Good Society
- escapes Human Predicament
- Autocracy
- dictatorship; ppl. are like children and must be controlled by the state
- Classical Republicanism
- humans are corrupt, but are corruptible; the right constitution will bring out the best in ppl.
- Libertarianism
- idea of indiv. freedom; both good and bad ppl. exist, gov't should secure rights of idividuals
- Liberalism
- ppl. inherently good, but corrupted by environment (poverty, greed, etc...; gov't used to correct societal ills
- Checks and Balances enforce:
- Virtue
- Tenets of Republicanism
- Liberty and Power in eternal struggle; power needs no protection, but liberty does
- British Constitution/ Government set-up
- The One (the crown)--The Nobility (the House of Lords)-- The People (the House of Commons)
- Proclamations Line
- colonists couldn't settle across line without permission; evidence of power overwhelming liberty; land=power, land=independence(American Dream)
- French and Indian War
- Eng. vs. France (and native American allies); England won; Treaty of Paris; costly,debt, world war
- Stamp Act
- taxes every official paper; Stamp tax collectors sent from England=placemen paying patronage to king Gge.; No Taxation Without Representation!; Stamp Act meant to be a small precedent for further taxes; England repeals while issuing Declaratory Act
- Declaratory Act
- Parliament has right to tax and bind colonists
- Republican view vs. British POV
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Ex: Colonists; Parliament=oppressive
British; Parliament=Liberty - Boston Massacre
- triggered by fear of standing army ("regulars"); 1770
- Second Treatise of Gov't
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John Locke; THE SOCIAL COMPACT
-state of nature: ppl. naturally free, no gov't, hypothetical
-gov't formed by ppl.(social compact)
-gov't's purpose: protect rights of ppl.
-consent of the governed (not divine mandate)
-right to alter or abolish (formed by ppl. so abolished/changed by ppl.) - Social Compact influenced
- Declaration of Independence
- American Revolution=radical b/c:
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-its ideas
-its length and disruptions - Ex. of Slaves caught Contagion of Liberty
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-Charleston Slave March "Liberty! Liberty!"
-Freedom suits in MA (state const. says slavery illegal, by 1790s no slavery in MA)
-William Whipple and Prince
-revolution made ppl.? slavery - Pennsylvania Constitution
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-unicameral legislature
-no property qualificationsn
-election every year
-assumes ppl. are basically good - Common Sense
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-Tom Paine
-important argument for independence
-radical argument against idea of monarchy - Declaration of Independence
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-attacked King George III
-new political theory
-Idea of declaring independence spread - Accomlishments of Confederation
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-Congress (but no president)
-Won Revolutionary War
-Northwest Ordinance - Northwest Ordinance
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-establishes territories, says they will become states
-no official religion; religious toleration
-banned slavery in NW territory - Limits of Confederation
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-couldn't tax (could request money)
-couldn't negotiate or tax trade (tariff)
-couldn't stop state disputs (esp. border disputes)
-couldn't defend against enemies - Road to Constitution
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-Annapolis Convention (12 men from 5 states; a flop)
-Shay's Rebellion (revealed weakenesses of Confederation)
-Philadelphia Convention (55 delegates from 12 states; a success; hoped to rescue America from factions) - Shay's Rebellion
- Western Mass. farmers in debt; shut down courts; showed national gov't's helplessness against domestic disorder
- Federalist #10
- Madison; "republican remedy" to republican disease of factions (factions bad b/c can get tyranny of the majority and trample rights of minority) = an extended, diverse republic: factions are solution to factions Ex: no religous civil war in PA because too many factions to organize
- Factions Media example
- President Clinton trying to fix social security: 1100 interest groups, differing interests
- Check on Tyranny of the Majority
- Separation of Powers
- Media Clip demonstrating Tyranny of the Majority
- Sen. Orrin Hatch: Iran Contra Affair; executive branch no making foreign policy with regard to Congress
- Media Clip demonstrating Tyranny of the Majority/Factions
- Botman Case; Jewish girl v. School Choir in Utah (Mormons)
- Constitution: Rule of __?__
- Rule of Law; not rule of tyrant; written constitution restrains gov't officials; called "Supreme Law of the Land"
- Media Clip demonstrating Rule of Will
- BBC production Nazis in Britain; Nazi mad at British woman who wouldn't sell to Nazis; arrogance of rule of force/ will
- Media Clip demonstrating Rule of LAw
- Mayor San Francisco issues marriage liscences to gays even though against CA law, state overruled him, revoked liscences
- Rule of Law
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-Generality
-Prospectivity
-Publicity
-Consent
-Due Process
(provides predictability) - Father of Bill of Rights
- Madison
- Impact of Bill of Rights
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-took away Anti-Fed issue
-appealed to RI and NC
-"Cult of Rights" - Media Clip on Cult of Rights
- Group lobbies for lobsters' "right" to life
- First-party System
- Democratic-republicans vs. Federalists
- Third-party System
- Democrats vs. Republicans
- 1830s-1850s political parties:
- Democrats vs. Whigs
- 1st presidential candidate to campaign for self
- William Henry Harrison
- Media Clip on Mob Rule
- Religions, cults, where do you draw the line? Images of religions/cults (incl. "Legacy") and persecutions