Chapter 7
Terms
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- Tecumseh
- The Prophet's brother, "The Shooting Star" chief of the Shawnees, who led the effort to form an alliance with Britain, he also tried to unite Indians with a Confederacy
- Samuel Slater
- He used his knowledge he had gotten in England to build a spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, for the Quaker merchant Moses Brown in 1790
- Francis Scott Key
- A Washington lawyer who witnesses a Baltimore area battle and wrote "The Star Spangled Banner"
- Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston, The Clermont
- These two men developed the first steamboat, called this, that could carry passengers. It first sailed in 1807
- The Louisiana Purchase
- This acquisition of land greatly increased the size of the U.S. and was mostly negotiated by James Monroe and Robert Livingston of America, and Napoleon of France
- Henry Clay
- A Kentuckian in the house of representatives who wanted war with Britain and was elected speaker of the house in 1811. He appointed Calhoun to committee on foreign affairs
- Non-Intercourse Act
- This act ended the Embargo and opened trade with all European countries except France and Britain
- Marbury v. Madison
- In this court case, one of Adams midnight appointments didn't receive his commission from Madison, who had taken over as secretary of state. The supreme court ruled in favor of Madison, which was considered a victory for the Republicans at the time, but showed the power of the judiciary branch to nullify congress
- "Camp Meeting"
- One of these first occurred in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, where some evangelical ministers presided. These events lasted several days and attracted thousands of people.
- Albert Gallatin
- Jefferson's secretary of Treasury who drastically reduced government spending
- Battle of Tippecanoe
- Governor Harrison took 1,000 troops to Prophetstown in this battle to stop Indian influence, Harrison drove off the Indians, but suffered heavy losses
- War Hawks
- Young Congressmen who advocated war were given this nickname. They were influenced by war fever in the North and South
- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
- These two men were selected by Jefferson to explore and map the land from the Mississippi to the Pacific, and to investigate prospects for Indian trade.
- Andrew Jackson/Battle of Horseshoe Bend
- He was a wealthy Tennessee planter and a general in the state militia. He then pursued one of the Creeks (an Indian tribe). He showed no mercy at this battle where he killed women and children. The battle won the wealthy Tennessee man a commission as major general in the U.S. army.
- Handsome Lake
- A Native American (Seneca tribe) whose miraculous rebirth after years of alcoholism helped give him a special stature in his tribe. He then called for revival of traditional Indian ways, including giving up evil practices of white men like gambling and drinking
- Pasha of Tripoli
- This is the title for the leader of an African Nation who declared war on the U.S. Jefferson acted cautiously and payed an embarrassing ransom to get American prisoners of war
- Pierre L'Enfant
- A French Architect who designed the capital on a large scale
- Judith Sargent Murray
- This women published an essay claiming that women and men were equally intelligent and had just as much potential. Thus, women should be given equal opportunities as men to earn their own livings and establish roles in society other than just wives. She got little support from anyone.
- Treaty of Ghent
- This treaty, named for a city in Belgium, was negotiated by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin. All the treaty really did was end the fighting. It was signed on Christmas Eve in 1814
- Battle of Plattsburgh
- A British invasion of New york was called this battle, Americans held off the British
- Gabriel Prosser
- An African-American preacher who claimed that salvation was possible for all. He tried to lead a slave rebellion, but it was discovered and crushed in the planning stages
- Zebulon Pike
- He led an expedition from St. Louis to the Upper Mississippi Valley. Then, he went to present day Colorado and gave a false impression that it was a dessert that farmers couldn't use
- Battle of the Thames
- Harrison pushed up the river for which this battle was named, he then won in the upper Mississippi area near Canada and his forces killed Tecumseh and disheartened Indians in the Northwest
- Noble Savages
- This is what Jefferson called Indians (because they were uncivilized, but able to be civilized), Jefferson hoped schooling them would give them a white cultural "uplift".
- Tenskwatawa the "Prophet"
- A charismatic Indian leader of religion, he preached of the evils of white men (this after he recovered from alcoholism). His headquarters were at Tippecanoe Creek and Wabash River
- The War of 1812
- This war was between America and England. The U.S. struggled early in the war with several lost battles, but had control of Great Lakes. U.S. eventually won
- Washington Irving
- An author from New York who wrote popular folk tales like Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle. He was the American literary leader of the 18th century
- Oliver Hazard Perry/Put-In Bay
- He led America in this Lake Erie Battle where he dispersed a British fleet. This opened the door for an attack on Canada through Detroit
- Deism
- A religion that formed after the Revolution that reflected the modern scientific attitudes. Members of this sect accepted God as a being, but thought he had no involvement in the world. Jefferson and Franklin were among those who joined this sect.
- Embargo/"Peaceable Coercion"
- Jefferson tried to avoid war with this act, which stopped all ships from leaving America. This caused a depression in America. Jefferson repealed this act before leaving office.
- Second Great Awakening
- Theologians fought the spread of religious rationalism causing this movement. Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists were among those who were revived as membership in churches surged.
- Essex Junto
- A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase
- Chesapeake/Leopard Incident
- This American ship was boarded by this British ship. When American captain James Barron refused to let the British ship search them, the British opened fire and took four men into their navy. Some Americans wanted revenge, Jefferson tried to avoid war and negotiate with Britain.
- Harrison Land Law
- This law, passed in 1800, enabled white settlers to acquire farms from the public domain on much easier terms than before
- Continental System
- A system, set up by Napoleon, to cut off England from trade with Europe. Napoleon issued a series of decrees preventing British ships and neutral ships touching at British ports from landing their cargoes at any European port controlled by France.
- Macon's Bill No. 2
- After the non-intercourse act expired, this act replaced it and re-opened trade to all nations, as long as Britain and France didn't violate America's neutral shipping rights after the other had stopped
- William Henry Harrison
- A Virginian who wanted to develop western lands over Indians. The white settler-Indian conflict was revived after the Chesapeake/Leopard Incident
- The "Turnpike Era"
- This era developed when these kinds of roads developed (named for the kind of tollgate used). They were expensive roads, but effective.
- Noah Webster
- A Connecticut schoolmaster and lawyer (who also wrote a little dictionary) who said that America would be the best educated nation ever and the final stage of civilization.
- Eli Whitney and Cotton Gin
- This man invented this machine which quickly removed seeds from cotton. It was extremely more efficient than hand picking and caused demand for cotton to go up. He also helped develop the idea of interchangeable parts.
- Hartford Convention
- Delegates from New England states met at this convention to discuss their grievances against Madison. The majority didn't want to secede, the convention also proposed seven amendments to protect their rights (they were afraid western states would get power)
- James Wilkinson and Aaron Burr
- These two men plotted to go West and capture Mexico from the Spanish after one of them killed Alexander Hamilton
- Daniel Webster
- He was a young New Hampshire congressman who was a strong Federalist
- John C. Calhoun
- A member of the house of reps from South Carolina who advocated war with Britain, he was appointed to the Committee of Foreign affairs by Henry Clay
- Rush-Bagot Agreement
- This agreement provided for mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes; eventually, the Canadian-American boundary became the longest "unguarded frontier"in the world
- Battle of New Orleans
- In the South, a formidable array of battle-hardened British veterans landed below this city and prepared to advance north up the Mississippi, which started this battle. Andrew Jackson waited for the British with several troops drawn up behind earthen breastworks. Jackson crushed the British forces and the British retreated.
- Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr
- These two men dueled because of controversy over the election for governor of New York. One of them died.
- Treaty of San Ildefonso
- A secret treaty that gave France the title to Louisiana