vocab. 201-300

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state debt: debts incurred by the states during the war
Election of 1800: tie, Jefferson and Burr. the final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket.
The Federalist Papers: collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
Philadelphia Convention for the Constitution: Beginning on May 25, 1787, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States
Second Great Awakening: A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism.
Procedures for amendments: An amendment to the Constitution may be proposed if 2/3 of Congress or 2/3 of state legislatures vote for it. The amendment may then be added to the Constitution by a 3/4 vote of state legislatures or state conventions.
Patrick Henry (1736-1799): One of the main opponents of the Constitution, he worked against its ratification in Virginia.
Shay's Rebellion: Occurred in the winter of 1786 and 7 under the Articles of Confederation. Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting or repossessing the property of those in debt.
Connecticut Plan: called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied, and is also known as the Compromise Plan.
Sec. of State Jefferson: A leading Democratic-Republican, resigned.
Excise taxes: Taxes placed on manufactured products.
Democratic-Republicans: had earlier been members of the Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party.
Antifederalists: They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.
New Jersey Plan: called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation.
Bill of Rights adopted, 1791: The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights.
Washington's Farewell Address: warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.
Democratic-Republicans: believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
National debt: included domestic debt owed to soldiers and others who had not yet been paid for their Revolutionary War services
Whiskey Rebellion: In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion.
Federalists: believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution.
Great Compromise: The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each.
elastic clause: can be "stretched" to include almost any other power that Congress might try to assert.
3/5 Clause: Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state population.
Alien and Sedition Acts: consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, the Alien Act, the Alien Enemy Act, and the Sedition Act.
foreign debt: debt to other countries which had helped the U.S.
Separation of power: The powers of the government are divided between three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.
Preamble: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."
12th Amendment: Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket.
President George Washington: established many of the presidential traditions, including limiting a president's tenure to two terms. He was against political parties and strove for political balance in government by appointing political adversaries to government positions.
Articles of Confederation (success): settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance.
Implied powers: Section 8 of Article I contains a long list of powers specifically granted to Congress, and ends with the statement that Congress shall also have the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forfegoing powers."
Sec. of the Treasury Hamilton: A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.'s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey.
Constitution: document which established the present federal government of the United States and outlined its powers. Can be changed through amendments.
Articles of Confederation: delegated most of the powers to the individual states, but the federal government had power over war, foreign policy and issuing money. Later abandoned for the Constitution.
North-South Compromises: The North was given full federal protection of trade and commerce. The South was given permanent relief from export taxes and a guarantee that the importation of slaves would not be halted for at least 20 years, plus the national capitol was placed in the South. Slaves were also deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the state population
Articles of Confederation (weakness): gave the federal government such a small amount of power that it couldn't keep the country united.
"The Federalist, # 10": This essay proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy
Land Ordinance of 1785: A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.
French Revolution: The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s. The U.S. did nothing to aid either side.
Election of 1796: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson. The first true election Adams was a Federalist, but Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican.
Vice-president John Adams: A Federalist, he had little say in Washington's administration.
Checks and balances: Each of the three branches of government checks the power of the other two, so no one branch can become too powerful.
James Madison: "Father of the Constitution" His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.
Northwest Ordinance, 1787: A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. Provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.
Virginia Plan: called for a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population.

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