American gov't ch. 6
Terms
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- Title IX (223)
- Provision of the Educational Amendment of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students
- Grandfather clause (204)
- Voting qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
- equal protection clause (210)
- Section of 14th Amendment that guarantees all citizens must receive "equal protection of the laws"
- Strict scrutiny (220)
- A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice
- Poll tax (204)
- Tax levied in numerous southern states/localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast ballot
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (210)
- US Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional b/c it violates 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection; marked the end of legal segregation in the US
- Affirmative Action (232)
- Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previous disadvantaged group
- civil rights (198)
- Refers to gov't-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary/discriminatroy treatement by gov'ts or individuals based on race, sex, national origin, age, religion, or sexual orientation
- De jure discrimination (217)
- Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy
- Black Codes (201)
- Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by Southern states following Civil War
- 14th Amendment (201)
- One of three Civil War Amend.; guarantees equal protection and due process of law to all US citizens
- Civil Rights Cases (1883) (203)
- Name attached to 5 cases brought under Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, Supreme Court decided that discrimination in a variety of public accomodations, including theaters, hotels, and railraods, could not be prohibited by the act b/c such discrimination was discrimination in private, not state discrimination
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) (204)
- Plessy challenged a Louisiana state requiring that railroads provide separate accomodations for blacks and whites. Court found that separate but equal accomodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amend.
- Suffrage movement (207)
- The drive for voting rights for women - took place in the US from 1890 to 1920
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (219)
- Federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing
- Civil Rights Act of 1964 (215)
- Legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- 15th Amendment (203)
- Last of 3 Civil War Amendments; specifically enfrancised newly freed male slaves
- 19th Amendment (207)
- Amendment to Constitution that guaranteed women right to vote
- Equal Rights Amendment (219)
- Proposed amendment that would bar discrimination against women by federal or state gov'ts
- De facto discrimination (217)
- Racial discrimination that results from practice (such as housing patterns or other social or instituional, non-gov'tal factors) rather than the law
- Jim Crow Laws (203)
- Laws enacted by Southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating "whites only" schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accomodations
- Suspect classification (220)
- Category or class, such as race, that triggers the hihgest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court
- 13th Amendment (201)
- One of the the three Civil War Amendments; specifically bans slavery in the US