FINALS honors world history units 1-5
Terms
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- Darius
- restorer of Cyrus's heritage, reigned 522-486 BCE. the first to organize his empire into provinces
- Marco Polo
- a famous traveller from the West who traveled the silk road to get to China. He observed Chinese culture and brought revolutionary technology and information back to the west
- Great Wall
- built to protect Chinese from barbarians
- empire
- usually has only one absolute ruler, contains city states
- Kublai Khan
- aka "great" khan, ruled China from its new capital at Peking
- Alexander
- Philip II's son, a Macedonian and passionate Hellene. He showed sympathy to the kingdoms that he conquered, but was also violent and had a hot temper with his friends. He lead the largest Empire
- sunni/shia
- two branches of Islam. Sunni: based off of Abu-Bakr, and it follows the sunna (example) of Muhammad-- orthodox Muslims. Shia (or Shiite) called Party of Ali. 20% of Muslims are shiite, 80% Sunni, but majority of Iran and Iraq are Shiites.
- Pericles
- an influential Greek politician that came to lead Greece to their defeat during the Peloponnesian Wards
- Cyrillic alphabet
- an alphabet developed by the missionary St. Cyril for the slavs
- Vladimir
- grand prince of Kiev. Married the last princess of the Byzantine empire and converted all Russians in his domain to Christianity
- Confucius
- Chinese philosopher. His ideas about the importance of practical moral values, collected by his disciples in the Analects, formed the basis of the philosophy known as Confucianism.
- moscow
- known as the "third rome"
- analects
- a collection of Confucius' teachings
- plebeians
- everyone other than patricians
- Indus River
- area of Harappan Civilization
- Yuan Dynasty
- dynasty established by the Mongols in china
- Tigris and Euphrates
- the two rivers on either side of Mesopotamia
- Umma
- a community, or "brotherhood", tied together by Islam
- Oracle bones
- the bone of an animal touched with a heated copper pin. The result of this were various cracks in the bone that were read to determine one's fate
- kamikaze
- means "divine wind" in Japanese, what the Japanese believed saved them from invasion by Mongol forces
- Taoism
- a Chinese philosophy based on the writings of Lao-tzu, advocating humility and religious piety. Best adapted to confucianism
- Li Bo
- Chinese poet during the T'ang dynasty who wrote about nature. Had three obsessions; the moon, wine, and the meaning of home
- ArĂȘte
- the greek word for excellence
- Dome of the Rock
- a holy place for Muslims AND Jews. For Muslims, it is seen as the place where Muhammad was brought up to heaven.
- the schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
- a power struggle between the Pope and the Emperor, a dispute over the role of icons, and tensions between Church and state resulted in
- Empress Wu
- the first and only female emperor of China thus far
- Untouchable
- seen as below the caste- did dirty work, and contact with them was seen as making oneself unpure
- excellence
- balance, proportion, and order
- printing
- an important advancement in Tang and Song China
- purdah
- an Ottoman practice that became common for women of Islam culture. This practice consisted of women separating themselves from the view of other people, mostly men, by wearing what is known as a burkah
- Ban Zhao
- a female Confucian who was the ideal for women. She believed all people deserved a confucian education
- Chinghis Khan (Ghenghis Khan)
- a mongolian originally named Temujin. Famous for his relentless policies and fierce aggressiveness towards other countries. captured many lands, forming a huge empire
- Heian
- the capital of the Fujiwara era
- Persian Wars
- Persia invaded Greece and Pericles became influential. Athens defeated the Persians
- Cyrus
- king of Persia who everthrew Babylon and Egypt. Was a tolerant ruler and was not brutal to other lands. Also known for building the royal road
- monks
- created illuminated manuscripts, took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, and were often mendicants
- Justinian
- emperor of Byzantine, had the Hagia Sophia built
- Abraham
- patriarch of Judiasm, who made a covenant with god and thought to be from Ur in Sumer
- Virgil
- an epic roman poet
- yellow river
- a river that routinely floods and gives yellow silt to the land
- cuneiform
- the written language of mesopotamia
- lay investiture
- when the king would appoint a bishop; often, the bishop was deemed unholy and excommunicated
- veneration of ancestors
- respect for elders within Chinese society. Chinese believed that their ancestors would harm them if they were not respected
- Carthage
- the center of one of rome's major rivals
- republic
- a country run by democratic government. poor families have no influence in this type of government
- dharma
- a Hindu's religious "duty"
- Augustus
- the most successful member of the second triumvirate, ushering in the Pax Romana
- Ramayana
- the second of the two great Sanskrit epics of the Hindus
- Thucydides
- Attempted to write down the history of the Peloponnesian War without bias or opinion
- Tiber River
- the river on which rome was founded
- inquisition
- an attempt to rid Western Europe of heresy
- Julius Caesar
- named dictator for life after crossing the rubicon river
- Asoka
- Was a buddhist who governed people of different religions, but posted edicts inscribed on pillars
- Zoroaster
- persian prophet that starterd Zoroastrianism after seeing a vision from Ahura Mazda
- hebrews
- a nomadic people who believed in the individual's power to choose between good and evil
- satrap
- a royal prince or great nobleman who governed divisions of the empire (Darius's empire)
- magna carta
- said that the monarch had to obey law
- Five Pillars
- the five duties of a Muslim. 1) Pilgrimage to Mecca (HAJJ) 2) Praying 5 times a day towards Mecca. 3) Alms to the poor. 4) Fasting during the month of Ramadan. 5) BELIEF (in Allah, and overall)
- Islam
- means "submission to the will of Allah"
- suttee (sati)
- a Hindu practice that comprised of burning widows to death at their husband's funeral. Was alluded to in the Ramayana
- Suleyman
- a muslim emperor who cultivated the arts. often called the "magnificent" or the "lawgiver".
- Cheng Ho (Zhenghe)
- a famous Chinese admiral who displayed China's naval power and wealth by impressive voyages
- Shah Jahan
- built the Taj Mahal in mourning the death of his favorite wife. Came after Akbar, decreased religious tolerance within the Mughal dynasty
- dynastic cycle
- the cycle of an empire; the emperor had to gain the people's approval by convincing them that he was the mandate of heaven. When they no longer believed that, he was dethroned, and the search for the mandate of heaven began again
- Rig-Vedas
- a collection of more than 1000 vedic hymns performed during sacrifice. synonymous with vedas and vedic
- Aurungzeb
- a Mughal ruler most remembered for suppressing the Hindus, reinstating taxes for non-Muslims, and doing away with religious tolerance within his empire
- civil servant
- took a test on all principles of Confucianism to earn their place in the government
- Umayyad
- a family that was in charge of the caliphate for a period of time
- mandate of heaven
- the chinese idea of a cyclical history
- janissary
- an elite soldier who protected only the sultan. what a boy trained in the devshirme program became if he was not a government official
- code of manu
- Hindu guidelines on how to live life; their form of law
- Siddhartha Guatama
- founder of Buddhism. He was high up and the caste system, but unsatisfied with life, so he began to preach and teach a new doctrine after 7 years of self denial
- devshirme
- Christian boys abducted from home and converted to the Muslim faith. These boys had an allegiance to the Sultan, and were educated to be eligible to hold government positions in the future. This was an ottoman practice
- Hegira
- the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. turning point in Islam because it marks the first year on the Islamic calendar, and brought church and state together
- caste system
- a system defining social class. a person was born into this, there was no changing out of it. Determined a person's occupation and who they prayed with
- brahmin
- the "world soul"
- Wu Ti
- Called the Martial Emperor, and increased China's contact with the outside world
- Olympia and Sparta
- two city states located on the Peloponnesus
- moksha (or nirvana)
- release from reincarnation
- Landscape painting
- a Sung technique developed and perfected, pictures of natural scenery done on silk, often combined elements of the mountains and water
- Mahabharata
- one of the two great Sanskrit epics of the Hindus
- Minamoto Yoritomo
- founder of the Kamakura period
- shogun
- a commander-in-chief in Japan. Held more power than the emperor because he controlled the military
- caliph
- originally, their duty was to interpret Muhammad's teachings and the Koran. Then it evolved into a role of governmental authority as well. they ruled a caliphate. The ______ was determined if you were in the family or not.
- Nebuchadnezzar
- ruler of the last Babylonian empire. He destroyed Jerusalem and the temple, drove Jews into exile, and formed hanging gardens, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world
- Akbar
- a Mughal ruler who strengthened his empire by promoting religious tolerance
- gilgamesh
- the first hero in world literature, the subject of the first piece of written history
- Urdu
- a language common to Hindus and Muslims that combined Hindi structure with Turkish and Persian vocabulary. an ideal example of cultural blending
- karma
- good and bad deeds-- one wants to obtain this to reach a higher caste in the next life
- Cyril and Methodius
- two missionaries who travelled to Bulgar and developed the Cyrillic alphabet
- Lao Tse
- formed Taoism. Believed in organizing institutions; hierarchy, order, and education
- clans
- a religious group that ruled over themselves, though they were collectively controlled by the sultan
- Mehmet II
- Conquered Constantinople for the Ottoman empire
- Mecca
- birthplace of Muhammad. an arabian city. Ka'aba located here, also a center of trade
- Alexander Nevsky
- prince of novgorod, worked with Mongol occupiers
- Mosque
- a muslim temple
- Muhammad
- seen as the final Prophet that would speak God's final message to the people. Islam was founded by him.
- Paul
- helped spread christianity through traveling and teaching, as well as reaching out to non-Jews
- Brahman
- highest in caste system; priests that presided over sacrificial ceremonies
- Constantine
- roman ruler that brought tolerance and imperial favor to Christianity. He reunited the empire after 2 decades of civil war, and unknowingly founded Christian Europe
- gothic architecture
- main feature was stained glass, among high, vaulted walls, gargoyles, and flying buttresses
- Four Noble Truths
- Main doctrine of buddhism: everything in life is misery and suffering...misery comes from desire...to stop misery you must stop desire...to end desire, you mush follow the 8-fold path/Middle Path