Speech and Hearing Science
Terms
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- Language
- A code system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience
- Speech
- The production of language
- Phonology
- Thhe scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language
- Phoneme
- The smallest units of sound that affect meaning
- Allophones
- Variations of phonemes
- Phonemic
- abstract system of sounds, i.e. /s/
- Phonetic
- Concrete productions of specfic sounds i.e. [s]
- Phonetics
- The stydy of speech sounds
- Phone
- Any sound production by the vocal tract
- IPA
- International Phonetic alphabet was created in 1988
- Syllable
- The smallest phonetic unit, composed of the onest, nucleus & code
- Consonant
- Speech sounds produced by movements of the articulatory muscles. These movements modify the airstream in some manner by interrrupting it, stopping it, or creating a narrow opening through which it must pass. May be voiced or voiceless
- Vowels
- Produced with an open vocal tract with no points of constriction. They are all voiced. High, mid, low and front or back
- Dipthongs
- Produced as a slow gliding movement from one vowel to the adjacent vowel
- Assimilation
- Speech sounds are modified due to the influence of adjacent sounds i.e. great zee - the /z/ is devoiced
- Coarticulation
- Influence of one phoneme upon another in production or perception. Two different articulators move at the same time to produce two different speech sounds
- Suprasegmentals
- Featurs of prosody. Adds meaning, variety, and color to running speech through, length, stress, rate, pitch, volume and juncture (vocal punctuation)
- Acoustics
- The study of the physical properties of sound and how sound is generated and propagated
- Sound (physically)
- It is the result of vibration or disturbance of air. (Perceptually) The audible vibration or disturbance in the air.
- Sound wave
- Movements of particles in a medium containing expansion and contractions of molecules
- Compression
- Vibratory movements of an object increase in density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed or condensed
- Rarefaction
- The thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium
- Simple Harmonic Motion
- The basic foundation for sound. The movement of the air molecules. The back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic. It results in a tone of single frequency that repeats itself
- Formants
- chamber, the filter not harmonics. Vowels are often described very simply according to the frequencies of the first three formants. High vowels have a higher fundamental frequency than low vowels. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height and F2 varies as a result of tongue advancement
- Sinusoidal Motion
- A wave with one peak/crest and one valley/trough. It contains a single frequency, It is the result of simple harmonic motion
- Periodic
- Sound waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals
- Aperiodic waves
- Those that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals
- Amplitude
- The measure of magnitude (intensity, strength) of sound signal. It is the extent of molecular displacement, the greater the degree of molecular displacement, the highter the amplitude or intensity of sound.
- Intensity
- The quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness, perceptually. The amount of energy transmitted per second over an area of one square meter, physically
- Decibel
- A measure of sound intensity. It equals one tenth of a bel.
- Displacement
- A change in position, air molecules are said to be displaced because of the vibratoroy action of an object
- Force
- A vector quality that tends to produce an acceleration of a body in the direction of its application. The product of mass and acceleration
- Elasticity
- A property that makes it possible for matter (that helps transmit sound) to recover its form and volume when subjected to distortion
- Velocity
- A change in position. Measured in terms of the distance an object moves per the time and the direction it takes to move. Described as acceleration or deceleration
- Frequency
- The measure of the number of cycles per second or Hz. It is one instance of compression and rarefaction. A period is the amound of time needed for a cucle to be completed. The medium that transmits the sound does not affect the frequency of sound but it does affect the speed of sound
- Formant Frequency
- The lowest frequency of periodic wave, it is the first harmonic
- Fundamental Frequency
- The lowest frequency of a periodic wave, it is the first harmonic
- Harmonics
- In a periodic complex sound, all frequencies can be characterized as a whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency. Thses tones/harmonics, occur over the fundamental frequency.
- Octave
- Indication of the interval between two frequencies. The ratio is always 1:2 thus, each octave doubles a particular frequency
- Impedance
- Acoustic, mechanical, or electrical resistence to motion or sound transmission
- Newton's Law of Mottion
- Explains motion and its characteristics. Sound involves motion. The law of inertia states that all bodies remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless another force acts in oppositon. The law of reaction forces states that every force is associated with a reaction force in the opposite direction
- Pressure
- The amound of force per unit area
- Reflection
- A sound wave traveling back after hitting an obstacle with no change in the speed of propagation
- Complex tone
- Created when two or more sounds of differeing frequencies are added. The complex tone is either periodic or aperiodic
- Vibratory motion
- Has two important characteristics that create distinctly different auditory sensations, frequency and amplitude
- Pitch
- is a sensory experience related to changes in frequency a physical event. A sound of higher frequency is perceived to have a higher pitch. The normal young adult can resond to 20-20,000 hz
- Sound Pressure Level
- Intensity of a sound is expressed in terms of decibls at a certain sound pressure level. Sound pressure is the square root of power, which is measure in watts. The pressure itself is measure in pascals