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Mesopotamia: A civilization in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It had good agriculture. There were several people who conquered Mesopotamia. For example, the Sumerians we the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization. They conquered from 5000 B.C.E. to 2340 B.C.E. In 2340 B.C.E., Sargon I conquered the civilization until 2100 B.C.E. Then, in 1792 B.C.E. Hammurabi ruled Mesopotamia until 1750 B.C.E.
Hammurabi: He was the ruler of the Amorities or Old Babylonians. He conquered Mesopotamia in 1792 B.C.E. He established a whole new Mesopotamia by building temples, defensive walls, and irrigation canals. He encouraged trade and he made a law code of 282 laws. After he died, it was hard to keep the empire going so the empire ended in 1750 BCE.
Ziggurat: A stepped temple platform that dominated ancient Sumerian cities. Ziggurats were made when the Sumerians were in power. The Sumerians believed that building a ziggurat was a way to get closer to the gods and goddesses. It was a way to communicate with the gods.
Stoicism/ Stoics: A school of thought that became the most popular philosophy of the Hellenistic world that later flourished in the Roman Empire. It was concerned with how individual people found happiness. To the Stoics, happiness was the all-supreme good. It could only be found by living harmony with the divine will. Stoics believed that one should take part in the world and politics and should not separate from it because to them, a Stoic was a good citizen and could potentially be a good government official.
Teotihuacán: first major metropolis in Mesoamerica. It arose around the 3rd century B.C.E. They built temples, palaces and pyramids. They had a religion and traded. Pulque was used in religious ceremonies. In the city there were many apartment compounds built. A lot of the wealth came from agriculture. There was fertile soil and adequate water to make it one of the richest farming areas in Mesoamerica. In the 8th century C.E., the wealth and power of the city began to decline.
Hitties:: 1600-1200 BCE. Created their own empire in western Asia. First people to use iron so enabled them to construct weapons that were stronger and cheaper. The kingdom weakened in 1200 BCE.
Israel: Israelites were the semitic-speaking peoples. Jerusalem was the capital. Kind Solomon was the leader. He expanded the government, army, and trade. He built the most famous Temple in Jerusalem. In 722 BCE the Assyrians conquered the kingdom of Israel.
Kabah/Ka'aba: massive black meteorite located in a central shrine called Kaba in Mecca. Pre Islamic times.
Zeno-(335: 263 B.C.E)- Had a philosophy known as Stoicism which was the most popular philosophy in the Hellenistic world. Zeno came to Athens and taught in a public colonnade known as the Painted Portico. Stoicism was how individuals found happiness and to get happiness is to live in harmony with the divine will.
Judah: The kingdom of Judah consisted of two southern tribes and had Jerusalem as its capital after the Israelites. Assyria conquered the kingdom of Judah and some people were deported to Babylon and some were allowed to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the city and the Temple. The new kingdom of Judah was ruled by the Persians until Alexander the Great conquered it. The people of Judah eventually were known as the Jews.
Chimor: 1100 CE. A kingdom with its capital at Chanchan. Built almost entirely of adobe. There were approx. 30,000 residents in Chanchan. They created a system of canals for irrigation. By the fifteenth century, Chimor had disappeared because of floods and earthquakes destroying the irrigation system. Later, it was invaded.
Copán: middle of the first millennium C.E.-one of the most important city-states in the Mayan civilization. One of the monarchs of this city-state ordered the construction of a grand palace requiring more than 30,000 person-days of labor.
Phoenicians:: Semitic-speaking people. Lived in Palestine along the Mediterranean coast. They sea traded a lot and found new routes. They established a number of colonies in the western Mediterranean. They had their own alphabet, twenty-two different signs, that would be passed on to the Greeks.
Zend Avesta: the sacred book of Zoroastrianism. Contains all the teachings of Zoroaster. It was written in the 3rd century BCE.
Vedas: Around 1000 BCE-They are the scriptures and writings that the Brahams put together. They are from the Vedic Tradition which is orthodox Hinduism.
Sargon I: He was the leader of the Akkadians (who lived to the north of Sumerian city-states). In 2340 B.C.E. he conquered Mesopotamia until the Akkadian empire fell in 1792 B.C.E.
First Triumvirate: [1st century] Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus's alliance for a three man rule
Julius Caesar: [By 44 BCE] conquered Gaul; senators voted for him to go back to Rome as an average citizen; kept his army and moved to Italy illegally; marched on Rome and defeated Pompey-gaining complete control of Roman government; made dictator in 47 BCE and named dictator for life; gave land to poor increased senate to 900 members; weakened power of senate; calendar=365 days; assented by senators
Constantine: 306-337 CE - expanded imperial control by strengthening and enlarging the admin bureaucracies of the Roman Empire - constructed a new capital in the east in the Greek city of Byzantium
The Twelve Tables: these were a system of Roman law created in 450 BCE, these were designed for a simple farming society and proved not useful later on, but they did provide the structure for the new set of civil laws created after the Twelve Tables
Socrates: 5th century BCE- He did not charge students when he taught them and he made a "Socratic Method". The Scoratic Method" was a method used for students to think with their own reasoning. He was an Athenian philosopher.
Vizier:: Also known as "steward of the whole land". The position was established during the Old Kigdom. He/she was in charge of the government bureaucracy and they are directly responsible to the king.
Moche: an advanced civilization in northern Peru with its capital city containing over ten thousand people who built pyramids rising as much as 100 feet high. The largest was the Pyramid of the Moon. The Moche were good artisans and were good at farming. Changes in the water temperature called EL Niño led to a major flood which brought the culture to an end-early first millennium (when it began)
Deocletian (284-305)/ Constantine (306-337BCE): They strengthened and enlarged administrative bureaucracies, enlarged armies and created mobile units that moved around quickly to defend the borders. Together, thy expanded both the army and the civil service. They passed laws that forced people to stay in their given vocations to ensure the tax base. Their forms of government were only temporarily successful, and caused problems later.
Cahokia: a town in modern-day Illinois that was the administrative capital of much of the surrounding territory. It was involve in trade and eventually joined a tribal alliance called the Leage of Iroquois. Decline-1300 CE.
Catullus: 87-54 BCE - one of the finest lyric poets that Rome produced and one of the greatest in world literature - took Greek forms of poetry to express his feelings - wrote about political figures, social customs, and travails of love
Shafii: 820 CE-the man who added on his philosophy of Islamic law that kadis should first consult the Koran, then the Hadith, then scholars, and then they should use their own reason to make a good analogy to the Sharia.
Epicurus-(341-270 B.C.E): THe founder of Epicureanism. Near the end of the 4th century he established a school in Athens. He believed that happiness was the goal of live. He believed the way to achieve happiness to the pursuit of pleasure and to achieve it you have to free yourself from politics and public affairs. Epicurus and his friends had their own community where they believed in happiness.
Torah: The five books of the Hebrew Bible. It contains all the sacred Hebrew writing.
Confucius: 551 BCE Ancient China- founder of Confucianism. The key to proper behavior was to behave in accordance with the Dao. Two elements of Confucius's teachings of the Dao are the concept of duty responsibility to family and community) and "human-heartedness" (compassion and empathy for others). Much of Confucius's teachings were about human behavior and virtue. Confucius also helped with the government and the "political processes".
Zoroastrianism: Prophet:Zoroaster (born in 660 BCE). His message was monotheistic. God:Ahuramazda ("The Wise Lord"). He possessed qualities that all humans should aspire to. He was supreme. When a person died the God would decide if he/she should go to paradise or to an abyss of torment based on good and evil deeds.
Paterfamilias: Dominant figure in a roman family. The paterfamilias was a male and was a guardian to the females in the family. He had authority over the household.
Nomarch:: A governor that was head of each nome and was responsible to the king and vizier during the Old Kingdom.
Battle of Gaugamela: 331BCE decisive battle near Babylon between Alexander and the Persians in which Alexander won, thus entering Babylon and gaining access to Susa and Persepolis, the Persian capitals.
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten:: c. 1364-1347 BCE He introduced the worship of Aten, god of the sun disk. He tried to change the religious views of Egyptians from polytheism to monotheism, but it failed. He lost Syria and Palestine in the process. He ruled during the New Kingdom.
Hellenistic Era: the time started by Alexander the Great (c. 335 BCE) around the Mediteranian and Middle East. Hellenistic means "imitate greeks", and it is called this because the Greeks were spreading their culture in the Middle east and other non-greek eras. It was very big on advancement of science.
Judaism: It is the religion of the Jewish people. The Jewish God is called the Yahweh. The three aspects of the Jewish religion that had special significance are the convenant, law , and the prophets. Eventually there was a separation between Jews and their non-Jewish neighbors or conquerors. They kept their faith important.
Maya: They were a civilization after the Olmecs and they grew crops and had city-states with their own urban centers. They had a monarchy and wrote hieroglyphs. The social classes were: a class of aristocrats (priests, scribes, honored sculptors, honored painters), artisans and traders, and farmers (the majority of the population). There was a clear cut division between men and women and their duties. Women were lower than men, but some noblewomen were important in society. The Mayan religion was polytheistic. A pyramid was the center of the Mayan cities. There were temples and ball courts which were used for sports but had religious significance. They had accomplishments in science and writing, but declined in the 8th or 9th century.
Royal Road: Was used for transportation by the Persians. Extended from sardis to Susa.
Tikal: middle of the first millennium C.E.-one of the most important city-states and one of the largest urban centers in the Mayan civilization with 100,000 inhabitants at its height.
Qin Shi Huangdi: Qin Shi Huangdi made sure that the system of weights and measures, the monetary system, and the written forms of the Chinese characters were established throughout the empire. He also made sure to have a system of roads, built. Qin Shi Huangdi tried to erase the powers of the landed aristocrats and he split their estates among the peasants, who were taxed by the state directly. He was able to make sure that the government could collect taxes more easily. He also did not like merchants who were involve in private commercial activities. Those activities were very restricted and taxed with a lot of money. Qin Shi Huangdi was very effective in foreign affairs. To keep the nomadic peoples out of the empire, Qin Shi Huangdi decided to order the construction of, what is now called, the Great Wall, that stretches 4,000 miles from Central Asia to the sea.
Battle of Actium: [31 BCE]- battle Octavian vs. Antony and Cleopatra VII- Octavian smashed both of them and took rule over Rome
Marius: [2nd century] - Roman general; recruited his armies by volunteers from both urban and rural poor who had no property; they swore an oath of loyalty; he promised them land which made generals play in politics
Cleopatra VII: [1st century], allied with Antony-took on battle against Octavian,lost and committed suicide in Egypt
Pacal: He became king of Palenque in the 7th century C.E. His mother and grandmother both ruled and he then ruled after. He transformed his mother into a divine representation of the "first mother" goddess.
Covenant: It was a covenant between Yahweh and the people of Israel. The Israelites promised to obey God and follow his law and in return, Yahweh promised to take special care of the people.
Legalism: Legalists believed that human beings were by nature evil and would follow the correct path only if coerced by harsh laws and stiff punishments.
Archimedes: (287-212 BCE) A scientist in the Hellenistic Era from Syracuse who made many discoveries that are important in geometry such as pi, as well as other innovations and scientific discoveries. He supposedly discovered specified gravity and how powerful levers could be.
Alexandria-: great city in Egypt - largest in Alexander the great's empire - center of Hellenistic culture - housed a great library
Pharaoh:: They were known as Egyptian kings. Examples: Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses II.
King theodoric: (493-526) he was the king of a group of German group a branch off of a group known as the ostrogoths. They marched into italy and killed odoacer and established order in italy in 493.
Lao Tzu: Supposed founder of the philosophy of Daoism. Many scholars however are skeptical that Lao Tzu actually existed.
Silk Road: it streached from central China westward to the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea was in operation as early as the fifth century BCE. Silk was used for clothing and quilts and also was used to wrap the dead bodies and that is why silk is found along the Silk Road.
Dao: 6th century. It is the Way. To keep proper behavior, one must behave in accordance with the Dao. Confucius interpreted it in two ways, that people need have the responsibility of serving their families and their communities while also doing what interests them and that people need to have "human-heartedness".
Charin de Huantar: a modern city in the central mountains of modern Peru. It was the base of Chavin style. It contained a stone temple with interior galleries, a stone-block ceiling, and a system of underground canals used for ritualistic puposes 1000 BCE-when it appeared.
Anasazi: first millennium CE- estensive agricultural community. They were located west of the Mississippi River basin from New Mexico and Arizona to Colorado and parts of Utah. The Anasazi created new technology and new ideas. They created a walled city along with clothing, houses, and kivas (chambers for community religious functions).
City-state: City and the land around it under its control. City-state was a term used in Sumer, Mesopotamia. The kings and nobles who ran the city-states could have political and economic control over the city and the surrounding countryside (farms, etc.). Two examples of city-states are Ur and Uruk.
Mencius: 370-290 BCE. Stressed the humanistic side of Confucian ideas, arguing that human beings were by nature good and hence could be taught their civic responisibilities by example. He aslso stressed that the ruler had a duty to govern with compassion.
Immortals: people who the Persians believed could not die.
Hatshepsut:: c. 1473-1458 BCE She was the first woman to become pharaoh in her own right. She built a great temple at Deir el Bahnri near Thebes. She ruled during the New Kingdom.
Ahuramazda: The god of Zoroastrianism. He was supreme, he was not opposed. He decided what was good and what was evil. For more info, see Zoroastrianism.
Marc Antony: [1st century] Caesars ally who took control of eastern half; allied himself with Cleopatra VII; loast in Battle of Actium and fled to Egypt and committed suicide
Epic of Gilgamesh: It is a famous piece of Mesopotamian literature. It is a poem that talks aout the exploits of a legendary king, Gilgamesh and his search for the secret of immoritality.
Battle of Chaeronea: Battle near Thebes in 338 BCE where the Macedonians defeated the Greeks from the various Greek city-states and made them join an alliance against Persia.
Hieroglyphics:: "priests carvings" or "sacred writings". They were sacred characters used as picture signs that symbolized objects and had sacred value. They were originally carved in stone but later written on papyrus.
Herodotus: 5th century BCE- He wrote the History of the Persian Wars. He was an Athenian author.
Cuneiform: It is a system of writing that was a big part of Mesopotamian culture. It was invented by the Sumerians around 3000 BCE. They used a reed stylus to write on clay that would then be dried in the sun. Mesopotamian people used cuneiform for record keeping; but also it was used in schools for scribes and it was used for communicating ideas in new ways. For example, people wrote literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Macedonia: kingdom to the north of Greece that was successfully organized by the late 5th century BCE. It rose to power under King Philip II's reign and had conquered Greece, Persia, and parts of India by the death of Alexander the Great in 323BCE.
Tutankhamen:: He succeded after Akhenaten's rule. He undid the changes he had done. He restored the old gods. He ruled during the New Kingdom. C. 1347-1339 BCE.
Siddhartha Gautama: 500 BCE in Ancient India-He invented a doctrine called Buddhism in which he preached to people. He was a Hindu before creating Buddhism. He created things such as the four noble truths and the eightfold way in the doctrine.
Hegira/Hijra: 622-Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina and it is the first year of the Islamic calendar.
Virgil: son of a small landholder who welcomed Augustus' rule and wrote his best in honor of the emperor entitled Aeneid. An epic poem "rivaling" Homer . he made the connection between Troy and Rome by a Hero from Troy, Aeneas, survived the destruction of city and ends up living in a Roman City of Latium. Aeneas is an ideal Roman. He had the right virtues, piety, duty and faithfulness.
Daoism: Daoism is more of a religion that Confucianism because it provides a way of achieving the divine through rituals and actions. Daoism is also opposite Confucianism in the idea that the way to interpret the wishes of Heaven is by inaction, not action. Acting spontaneously and then sitting back to watch how it turns out is the best way to act harmoniously with the universe.
Chaco Canyon: first millennium CE- southern New Mexico. An urban center established by Anasazi. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.
Pericles: He was an Athenian ruler who made state salaries available for government work and he also established a public building program. The program built things like the Parthenon. He died in 429 BCE.
Pax Romana: or Roman peace - 96-180 CE - time of "5 good emperors" who treated the nobles with respect - cooperated with the senate - ended arbitrary executions - maintained peace in the empire - supported general beneficial policies - these rulers adopted capable men to be their heir
Alexander the Great-: succeeded father as ruler of Macedonia - successfully attacked Persia in 334 BCE - defeated Darius at the Battle of Issus - by 327 BCE he had conquered all of the western Asia - wanted to conquer India but his army refused to fight - he died in 323 BCE - it was difficult to understand him - brilliant but brutal - never lost a battle - ushered in the Hellenistic Age of Greek culture - he also built great cities
Spartacus: he was a slave who led the most famous rebellion in 73 BCE, he was able to defeat several Roman armies before they were defeated in 71 BCE, rebellions such as these frightened the Roman people
obsidian: 3rd century B.C.E.-is a volcanic glass that was valuable in Mesoamerica because it was important for tools, mirrors, and the blades of sacrificial knives. An obsidian mine in Teotihuacan might have explained the location of the city.
Ramayana: • Written- c. 100 BCE• Much shorter than Mahabharata• Story of good vs. evil, duty over self indulgence, and generosity over selfishness• Account of Rama, semi legendary ruler,• Rama was banished from the kingdom, forced to live as a hermit, and fights the demon-king of Sri Lanka for his wife, who has been kidnapped.• Religious and moral significance• Rama is the ideal Aryan hero, a perfect ruler, and an ideal son; Sita projects the supreme duty of female chastity and wifely loyalty to her husband• Combined filial and erotic love, conflicts of human passion, character analysis, and poetic descriptions of nature
chinampas: 8th century C.E.-are swampy islands crisscrossed by canals that provided water for their crops and easy transportation. The people of Teotihuacan drained the lakes to build them.
Hopewell culture: a culture in Ohio ranging from the shore of Lake Superior to theAppalachian Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico. They searched for metals, shells, obsidian, and manufactured items for economic and religious reasons during 3rd millennium BCE.
Cataracts:: They are also known as rapids which were on the southern part of the Nile. They are a natural barrier that protected Egypt from invasion.
Satrap: They were part of the Persian Empire (600-486 BCE). They collected tributes, were responsible for justice and security, raised military levies for the royal army, and normally commanded the military forces within their satrapies. They were "miniature kings".
Olmec: first millennium B.C.E.-located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. It was an intense agriculture civilization. And carved stone monuments. They had a trading network, carried on religious rituals, and wrote hieroglyphs that is uneciphered. They had social classes including a class of artisans who produced massive stone heads. They were involved in fishing and hunting. It collapsed around the 4th century B.C.E.
Octavian: [1st Century]-Caesars heir and grandnephew; western half of Rome; Battle of Actium-smashed the army and navy of Antony and Cleopatra; at age 32 stood supreme over Roman world
Phillip II (359: 336 BCE)-Phillip II was the ruler of Macedonia He built a well-organized army and turned Macedonia into the strongest power in the Greek world. He led the Macedonians in the Battle of Chaeronea where the Macedonians won over the Greeks. After that, Phillip II quickly gained control over all of Greece. Phillip II was assassinated shortly before he could undertake his invasion of Asia.
Battle of the Hydaspes River: (326 BCE.) battle in northwest India that Alexander won after a brutal fight and afterwards his soldiers mutinied after the long campaigns.

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