The First Civilizations
Terms
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- Thebes
- Capital city of Egypt and home to the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Monarchs were buried across the River in the Valley of Kings.
- Tutenkhamun
- changed religion back to Amon-Re central
- Isis
- Egyptian goddess of fertility
- Sumerians
- The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
- Osirus
- god of the dead
- paleolithic
- The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. The Old Stone Age
- neolithic
- The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s).
- Hittites
- Indo-Europeans, kingdom in modern day Turkey (Hatusha), first to use iron and battle with it, chariots, destroyed Babylonians, conquered by Dorians
- Persians
- an empire based on tolerance and diplomacy; relied on a strong military to back up their policies; had massive amounts of copper, lead, gold, silver, and blue lapis lazuli... Took land from Chaldeans, Medes. Were called Aryans. Massive land was distributed into Satrapies
- Ashurbanipal
- An Assyrian king who told people to bring back writings and collected about 20,000 cuniform tablets were now found form him. Made a huge library in Nineveh
- Saul
- first king of the Israelites
- Akhenaton
- marfan syndrome; , He lifted a sun god called Aton to the highest status. He promoted monotheism for the first time in Egyptian history. Married Nefertiti
- King Cyrus
- First king of Persia who decreed that the Jews should return to their homeland
- Amon-Re
- man-bird head god of Egyptians
- Middle Kingdom
- pharaoh looses some power, lower class are protected. Valley of the Kings is created to save money. Hyksos come with iron and conquer Upper Egypt.
- Sargon I
- first ruler of the Akkadians [first empire ever]
- Tutmose III
- tried to wipe all record of Hatsheput; ruled Egypt while it had the most land it would ever have
- Ramses II
- greatest/last pharaoh; creates first written treaty with Hittites; ruled for 67 years; over 50 children; biggest tomb ever
- Assyrians
- Semitic nomads. First city, Ashur [a Sumerian god] Used brutal tactics to conquer and control Babylonians, Egypt, all of Israel BUT Judah. created roads for military use. spoke Aramaic
- Cleopatra Ptolemy
- last pharaoh 69-30 BC
- Medes
- a Southwest Asian people who helped the Chaldeans to destroy the Assyrian Empire
- Hebrews
- Semitic people: Abraham [father of the faith], Isaac, Jacob [started 12 tribes] tribes split up, some went to Egypt, eventually reuniting in Palestine
- Chaldeans
- a Semitic-speaking peoples also called the Neo-Babylonians this group of people, their king Nabopolassar joined forces with Medes to bring down the Assyrians. Another king Nebuchadnezzar made significant changes to Babylon [hanging gardens] making it famous; he was their greatest king
- King Darius
- ruled Persia at its greatest, created the satraps and Satrapies system
- New Kingdom
- many famous pharaohs from the era. this era lasted until 1090 BC when the Assyrians conquer
- Old Kingdom
- period of pyramids, over 200 built. Imhotep designed the first pyramid. Kufu, largest in the world (in Giza)
- Ahmose I
- 1546 BC; New Kingdom pharaoh who drove out the Hyksos and reunited Egypt
- Hyksos
- group of people form Asia, used horse-drawn war chariots and conquered Egyptians... Egypt learned a lot then used knowledge to drive them out
- Babylonians
- semetic group who developed Babylon Kingdom, conquered Sumer and Akkad, expanded to control water, Hammurabi greatest king
- Phoenicians
- groups of Canaanites that lived along the Mediterranean sea (present day Israel), and created their own 22 character alphabet; invented purple dye secreted from a snail; mass produced glass
- Maat
- goddess/abstract idea of balance between good and evil; "Right Order"
- Akkadians
- this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great
- Horus
- Egyptian falcon-headed solar god
- Hatsheput
- first female pharaoh; ruled for 22 years instead of her stepson [Tutmose III], expanded Egypt and its trade; built temples and other projects to help economy