Psych Ch. 8
For Chapter 8 Psychology Test! MS. FOX!
Terms
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- Confirmation Bias
- people seek to prove, or confirm, their hypotheses rather than disprove them
- The Framing Effect
- refers to the way in which wording affects decision making.
- Noam Chompsky
- discovered babies use LAD to learn a language only if they have human contact.
- Inductive Reasoning
- we reason from individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion. Sometimes even wrong even if the premises are right.
- Semantics
- The study of a meaning. Involves the relationship between language & things depicted in the language. STAGES= babies: Crying, Cooing & Babbling. Toddlers: Words, Words, Words
- Analogy
- a similarity between 2 or more items, events or situations
- Protoype
- an example of a concept that best exemplifies that concept
- Divergent Thinking
- one associates more freely to the various elements of a problem. Right Brained, Creative
- A,B,C,D,E
- Assess the problem, Brainstorm Solutions, Choose One, Do it!, Evaluate it!
- Functional Fixedness
- the tendency to think of an object as being useful only for the function that the object is used for.
- Phonemes
- the basic sounds of a language. 26 Letters in the alphabet, but there are many more than 26 phonemes. They include consonants, vowels, and combined letters
- Mental Set
- the tendency to respond to a new problem w/ an approach that was successfully used with similar problems
- Algorithm
- a specific procedure that, when used properly and in the right circumstances, will always lead to the solution of a problem
- Heuristics
- rules of thumb that often, but not always, help us find the solution of a problem.
- Morphemes
- the units of a meaning in a language.
- Difference Reduction
- identify our goal, where we are in relation to it, & the direction we must go to move closer to it.
- Symbol
- an object or act that stands for something else
- Syntax
- The way in which words are arranged to make phrases & sentences. The rules for word order are the grammar of a language. The English syntax usually follows the pattern of subject, verb & object of the verb. ie/ Linda(subject)-->cooked(verb)-->dinner(object)
- Thinking
- a mental activity that is involved in the understanding, processing & communication of information.
- Overconfidence
- people tend to have a great deal of confidence in their decisions, whether the decisions are right or wrong
- Anchoring Heuristics
- people sometimes take in making decisions. VALUES
- Means-End Analysis
- certain things we can do(means) will have certain results(end)
- Representativeness Heuristics
- people make decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent. 50/50 chance.
- Overextension
- children try to talk about more things than they have words for. Often extend the meanings of words to refer to things for which they do not have words for.
- Reasoning
- is the use of information to reach conclusions
- Overregularization
- They make these errors because they have applied the normal rules to all words, even the words for which the rules do not work.
- Weighing Pluses & Minuses
- choose goals or courses of actions to reach goals. Use a balance sheet
- Language Acquisition Device
- (LAD)enables the brain to understand & use grammar
- Availability Heuristics
- people also make decisions on the basis of information that is available to them in their immediate consciousness
- Convergent Thinking
- thought is limited to available facts, Left Brained
- Concept
- mentally grouping objects together, events, or ideas that have similar characteristics
- Language
- the communication of ideas through symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar. Makes it possible for people to share knowledge.
- Premise
- an idea or statement that provides the basic information that allows us to draw conclusions
- Deductive Reasoning
- the conclusion is true if the premises are true GENERAL---> SPECIFIC
- Biligualism
- speak 2+ languages fluently and understand.
- Insight
- a sudden understanding