Byzantine Empire
Terms
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- serbia
- byzantine catholic
- Laity
- church members who are not clergy
- Orthodox
- no icons
- Icon
- a Christian religious image or picture
- vladimir
- 980-1015, converted empire to Christianity, cyrillic aplhabet, expanded the borders
- Justinian
- height of the empire under his reign
- Visigoths
- Spain
- Theodora
- was a beautiful, intelligent, and ambitious woman. Justinian married her in spite of court objections to her occupation as an actress, a profession held in low esteem in the empire. Theodora participated in government, awarding her friends with government jobs and her enemies with dismissals. In fact, she convinced her husband to let a woman on as much wealth in land equal to what she brought into the marriage. This in turn supplied enough wealth for a widow to raise her children. In AD 532, Theodora saved Justinian his throne by urging him to put down the rebels instead of running away like his advisors urged him to do. As a result, from that moment on till AD 565, Justinian's death, he ruled without any challenges.
- Ottoman Empire
- muslim
- 1200s
- countries formed in Europe
- Iconoclast
- "image breaker," an opponent of the use of icons in Byzantine churches, who thought they encouraged the worship of idols
- Saxons
- North Germany
- Hagia Sophia
- "Holy Wisdom"
- Russian Orthodox
- church that developed under Vladimir I whose priests were trained from church leaders imported from Byzantium. This king characteristically ruled over the church as well as many major appointments
- Huns
- Central Asia
- Roman Catholic
- hierarchy
- Anglos
- North Germany
- Constantine
- (AD 330) Roman emperor who built Constantinople at a strategic place where Europe and Asia meet. Located on a peninsula, Constantinople overlooked the Bosporus Strait, connecting the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, and the Dardanelles Strait, connecting the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea, allowing the settlers there to control trade through the Mediterranean.
- Russian steppe
- rich black soil, but harsh climate made farming difficult
- 3 walls
- protect the city from invasion
- Methodius
- brother of Cyril who reasoned that Christianity would be more acceptable to the Slavic peoples, who lived north of the empire, if it were presented in their own language. When he presented the Slavs with Cyrillic translations of the Bible and church ceremonies, he won many converts.
- 476
- the Oustrogoths were ruling Western Rome
- East Slavs
- Ukrainian, Russian, Belrussian, bordering Black Sea and north, Eastern Orthodox, largest group, Cyrillic alphabet
- codify
- to write down laws
- mosiac
- little pieces of different colored tiles
- 533
- Nika Rebellion
- Leo III
- (AD 726) emperor who ordered all icons removed from the churches. Many of Leo's supporters—military leaders, government officials, and many people on the Asia Minor—became known as iconoclasts. After church leaders ignored his order, supported by the Church in Rome, Leo asserted his powers and suppressed demonstrations in favor of icons.
- Vandals
- North Africa
- Burgundy
- France
- Justinian
- set up a law code
- Oust
- east
- South Slavs
- Balkan peninsula, Croatia and Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnian
- Rurik
- a native Denmark who became the first prince of what came to be called Kievan Rus' around 855 CE.
- Byzantine
- 476 the empire took off (date is up in the air, c. 500)
- bosnian
- islamic
- Francs
- from Germany (moved to Gaul aka France)
- yaroslav
- 1019-1054, first library, legal system, skilled diplomat, mongols took over the empire after his rule
- Tamara
- Georgia enjoyed a golden age of freedom and culture under her reign from the AD 1100s to the early AD 1200s
- schism
- a slpit within a religion
- theology
- study of religious questions
- stain glass windows
- rome
- Hagia Sophia
- largest dome for that date in history
- difficult farming meant
- nomads
- Justinian
- the son of prosperous peasants from Macedonia in the western part of the empire. While Justinian was still a young man, he worked late into the night on his studies, continuing with this enthusiasm for learning after he became emperor in AD 527 at the age of 44. In AD 532, Theodora saved Justinian his throne by urging him to put down the rebels instead of running away like his advisors urged him to do. As a result, from that moment on till AD 565, Justinian's death, he ruled without any challenges. Later on during his rule, Justinian set out to accomplish his goal of restoring the Roman Empire. Since Justinian was really the only emperor to seek land, the Byzantine Empire reached its peak under his reign. However, even though the Byzantine Empire fell, the law code Justinian set up, the Corpus of Civil Law still lasts today, supplying the basis for most of Europe's legal systems. Lastly, under Justinian's rule, art and architecture thrived and achieved, especially after he ordered the building of Hagia Sophia, "Holy Wisdom," the largest church for that empire, bringing much influence over the Catholic Church.
- croatia and slovenia
- roman catholic
- The Seljuk Turks
- invaders who came from central Asia and converted to Islam, defeating the Byzantines at the town of Manzikert.
- cyril
- brother of Methodius who reasoned that Christianity would be more acceptable to the Slavic peoples, who lived north of the empire, if it were presented in their own language. Around AD 863, he devised an alphabet for the Slavic language, known today as the Cyrillic alphabet, in honor of its inventor. This script is still used today by Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, and Serbs. When he presented the Slavs with Cyrillic translations of the Bible and church ceremonies, he won many converts.
- Italy
- Apennine peninsula
- Tatars
- a.k.a the Mongols, easily captured the major Russian cities, but did not penetrate much farther west because of the political difficulties in their Asian homeland. These invaders were quickly despised as well as feared—"the accursed raw-eating Tartars," as one chronicle put it. In fact, for over two centuries, much of Russia remained under Tartar control, further separating the dynamic of Russian history from that of Western Europe. Russian literature languished under Tartar supervision. However, as trade lapsed in western , and the vigorous north-south commerce of the Kievan period never returned, loose Tartar supervision did not destroy Russian Christianity or a native Russian aristocratic class. As long as tribute was paid, the Tartars left people's day-to-day life alone. It was not until the 15th century when the Tartars control was finally forced out of Russia.
- Orthodox
- patriarch
- lycus river
- provides water for the people
- Barbarians
- name Rome gave their invaders (thought these tribes were less civilized then they were)
- Theodora
- Justinian's wife
- Illuminated Manuscript
- book page decorated by hand with elaborate designs, beautiful lettering, or miniature paintings
- common law
- not written down
- Clergy
- persons, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services
- 1453
- Ottoman Empire takes over Constantinople (Byzantine Empire ends)
- gothic domes
- pointed arches
- Boyars
- Russian aristocrats who had less political power than their counterparts in Western Europe. However, they did negotiate with Kievan princes
- The Ottoman Turks
- new invaders from central Asia who attacked the eastern provinces.
- pope
- for icons
- Hagia Sophia
- turned into a mosque
- West Slavs
- bordering Germany, East-central Europe, Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, Roman Catholic, culture with Western Europe
- Patriarch
- leaders follow the pope of Orthodox (no more authority than anyone else)
- Greece
- Greek
- Oustrogoths
- Goths from the east
- Roman Catholic
- follow the pope
- Monastery
- a community of men who have taken religious vows
- Regent
- person who acts as a temporary ruler
- Missionary
- person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others
- Tiridates III
- early AD 300s, the Armenians accepted Christianity under his reign, making Armenia the first official Christian country in the world.
- Kiev
- a city along their trade route where Scandinavian traders, militarily superior to the Slavs, set up some governments.
- Jerusalem
- Arameic