Grade 8 - Math
Terms
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- radical
- The indicated root of a quantity.
- terminating decimal
- A decimal number that does not repeat.
- repeating decimal
- A decimal in which a digit or a set of digits repeat infinitely.
- pi
- The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. Approximately equal to 3.14.
- square root
-
A number that when multiplied by itself produces a given number.
Example:
3 is the square root of 9 - perfect square
- A number that is the square of an integer.
- cube root
- The number that must be multiplied by itself and then by itself again to produce a given number.
- rounding
- Approximating the value of a number to a given decimal place.
- place value
- The value given to a place a digit may occupy in a numeral.
- benchmark
- A point of reference from which measurements can be made.
- base
-
[1]The side or face on which a three-dimensional shape stands;
[2]The number of characters a number system contains. - height
- The distance from the base to the top of a figure.
- radius
- A line segment from the center of a circle to any point on its circumference.
- diameter
- A line segment that passes through the center of a circle and divides it in half.
- circumference
- The distance around a circle, calculated by multiplying the diameter by the value pi.
- polygon
- A simple, closed plane figure, having three or more line segments as sides.
- prism
- A solid figure that has two parallel, congruent polygonal facs (called bases).
- cube
- A solid figure with six square faces.
- cylinder
- A solid shape with parallel circular bases.
- similar figures
- Have the same shape but are not necessarily the same size.
- ratio
- A comparison of two numbers.
- proportion
- A statement that two ratios are equal.
- scale drawing
- A proportionally correct drawing of an object or area at actual, enlarged, or reduced size.
- Pythagorean Theorem
- A mathematical idea stating that the sum of the squared lengths of the two shorter sides of a right triangle is equal to the squared length of the hypotenuse.
- right triangle
- A triangle with one right angle.
- hypotenuse
- The side of a right triangle, opposite the right angle.
- legs
- The two sides of a right triangle that form the right angle.
- Pythagorean triple
- A set of three integers that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.
- area
- The size of a surface, usually expressed in square units.
- volume
- The space occupied by a solid, measured in cubic units.
- perimeter
- The distance around the outside of a closed figure.
- square
- To multiply a number by itself; shown by the exponent 2.
- irrational numbers
- The set of all numbers that cannot be expressed as finite or repeating decimals.
- transformation
- A mathematical process that changes the shape or position of a geometric figure.
- scale
- The ratio between the actual size of an object and proportional representation.
- scale factor
- The factor by which all the components of an object are multiplied in order to create a proportional enlargement.
- scatter plot
- A two-dimensional graph in which the points corresponding to two related factors (for example, smoking and life expectancy) are graphed and observed for correlation.
- trend
- A consistent change over time in the statistical data representing a particular population.
- y-intercept
- The point at which a line or curve cuts across the y-axis.
- x-intercept
- The point at which a line or curve cuts across the x-axis.
- ordered pair
- Two numbers that tell the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of a point.
- slope
-
[1]A way of describing the steepness of a line, ramp, hill, and so on;
[2]The ratio of the rise to the run. - measures of central tendancy
- Numbers or pieces of data that can represent the whole set of data.
- mean
- The sum of the numbers in a set of data divided by the number of pieces of data in the data set.
- median
- The middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order. If the data has an even number, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers.
- mode
- The number(s) or item(s) that appear most often in a set of data.
- range
- In statistics, the difference between the largest and smallest values in a sample.
- sample
- A finite subset of a population, used for statistical analysis.
- random sample
- A population sample chosen so that each member has the same probabilty of being selected.
- function
- Assigns exactly one output value to each input value.
- solution
- The answer to a mathematical problem. In algebra, a solution usually consists of a value or set of values for a variable.
- variable
- A letter or other symbol that represents a number or set of numbers in an expression or an equation.
- equation
- A mathematical sentence stating that two expressions are equal.
- intercept
-
[1]The cutting of a line, curve, or surface by another line, curve, or surface;
[2]The point at which a line or curve cuts across a given axis. - commutative property
- The mathematical rule that states that the order in which numbers are added or multiplied has no effect on the sum or product.
- associative property
- A rule that states that the sum or product of a set of numbers is the same, no matter how the numbers are grouped.
- additive inverse
- A number that when added to given number results in a sum of zero.
- multiplicative inverse
- The number for any given number that will yield 1 when the two are multiplied, same as reciprocal.
- non-linear function
- A function that does not have a constant rate of change. The graph of a nonlinear function is not a straight line.
- linear function
- A function in which the graph of the solutions forms a line.
- corresponding parts
- Parts of congruent or similar figures that match.
- complementary angles
- Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90°.
- supplementary angles
- Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180°.
- coordinate plane
- A plane in which a horizontal number line and vertical number line intersect at their zero points.
- dependent variable
- The variable for the output of a function.
- independent variable
- The variable for the input of a function.
- outlier
- Data that is more than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the upper or lower quartiles.
- biased sample
- A sample drawn in such a way that one or more parts of the population are favored over others.
- function table
- A table organizing the input, rule, and output of a function.
- coefficient
- The numerical factor of a term that contains a variable.
- slope-intercept form
- An equation written in the form y=mx+b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
- parallel lines
- Lines in the same plane that never intersect or cross.
- perpendicular lines
- Two lines that intersect to form right angles.
- line of best fit
- A line that is very close to most of the data points.
- domain
- The set of input values in a function.
-
non-terminating
decimal - A decimal number that does not end.
- ascending order
-
Listing numbers from least to greatest.
Example: 1,2,3,4,5... - descending order
-
Listing numbers from greatest to least.
Example: 10,9,8,7,6,... - extraneous information
- Extra information in a word problem that is not necessary to solve the problem.
- positive correlation
- Graph shows a positive slope.
- negative correlation
- Graph shows a negative slope.
- enlargement
- To make a geometric figure larger
- reduction
- To make a geometric figure smaller
- shrink
- To make a geometric figure smaller
- image
- A figure after dilation.
- pre-image
- A figure before dilation.
- similarity
- Having the same qualities.
- trend/correlation
- Relationship between two variables.
- no correlation
- Graph showing no relationship.
- function notation
-
The way a function is recognized.
Example: f(x) - standard form
- ax+by=c
- intersecting lines
- Lines that cross at a point.
- radical expression
- An expression that has a square root.