Human Development Final
Terms
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- puberty
- a period of rapid physical and sexual maturation that occurs during adolesence
- monarche
-
a girls first menstration
girls got there period a lot older in old times - hormones
- a powerful chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands and carried through the bloodstream to the body
- hypothalamus
- a structure in the brain that monitors eating, drinking, and sex
- pituitary gland
- an imortant endocrine gland that controls growth and other glands
- gonads
- sex glands = testes and ovaries
- sexually transmitted infections
- get it from sexual contact
- anorexia nervosa
- get thin through starvation
- bulimia nervosa
- binging and purging pattern to get thin
- hypothetical deductive reasoning
- piagets formal operational concept that adolescents have cognitive ablility to develope hypotheses or best guesses to solve problems like algebra
- adolescent egocentrism
- heightened self confidence teens
- imaginary audience
- believe everyone is lookin at them and are just as interested in them as they are with themselves "on stage" want to be noticed
- personal fable
- part of egocentrism that has the sence of uniqueness and invinceibility
- top dog phenomenon
- the curcumstance of moving from top position in elementary school to low position in mid or junior high school (like when your the oldest in one school then become a freshmen and is the youngest in the new school)
- service learning
- a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community
- crises
-
Marcia's term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing
among meaningful alternatives. - commitment
- Marcia's term for the part of identity development in which adolescent show a personal investment in what they are going to do .
- identity diffusion
- Marcia's term for adolesent who have not yet experienced a crisis ir made any commitments
- identity forecloser
- Marcia's term for adolesent who have made a commitment but not have experienced a crises
- identity moratorium
- Marcias term for adol. who are in the midst of a crises but their commitments are either absent or vague
- identity acheivement
- Marcia's term for adol. who have undergone a crises and have made a commitment.
- individuality
- consisit of 2 dimensions: self assertion (tell own point of view) and separateness ( tell people are diff from patterns)
- connectedness
- consists of 2 dimensions : mutuality ( sensitive and respect for other oppinions) and permiability ( open minded )
- ethnic identity
- an enduring basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership inthe ethnic group and attitudes and feelings related to that membership
- clique
- a small group that ranges from 2 to 12 individuals and can form b/c adol. engage in similar activities
- crowd
- a larger group structure that clique a crowd is usually formed based on reputiation and members may or may not spend much time together.
- dating scripts
- the cognitive models that individuals use to guide and evaluate dating interactions
- rite of passage
- a ceremony or ritual that marks and individuals transition from one status to another. Most rites of passage focus on the transition of adult status.
- assimilation
- the absorption of ethic minority into the dominate group and lose characteristics of the ethnic group
- pluralism
- the coexistance of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society. Individuals with pluralistic stance usually advocate that cultureal differences be maintained and appreciated.
- jouvenile delinquent
- an adol. who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
- restrained eaters
-
individuals who chrinically restrict their food intake
to control their weight . conscience of what they eat and feel guilty after a splurge - aerobic exercise
- sustained exercise that stimilate the heart and lung activity like jogging swimming and cycling
- addiction
- behavior characterized by involvement with using a drug and securing its supply
- disease model of addiction
- view that its biologically based lifelong disease that require medical or spiritual treatment for recovery
- life-process model of addiction
- the view that it is not a disease but a habit and a source of gradification and security that can be underdstood un the context of social relationships and experiences.
- sexually transmitted infection
- disease that are contracted primarily though sex.
- acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDs)
- A sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV virus which destroys the bodys immune system
- rape
- forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does no consent to it.
- date pr acquantance rape
- coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whome the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted
- personality type theory
- John Hollands view that it is important or individuals to select a career that matches up well with their personality type.
- postformal thought
- a form of thought that is qualitative different from piagets formal operational thought.required reflective thinking answers can varry, truth search is ongoing,realistic thinking however emotion influence.
- consentual validation
- explain why people are attracted to people who are similar to them. since our own views are validated when someonce elses are similar to our own
- matching hypothesis
- we prefer a more attractive person but in the long run we end up with someone closer to our own level
- friendship
- a form of close relationship that invovles enjoyment, acceptance, trust, respect, mutual assistance, confiding, understanding, and spontaneity
- leaving home and becoming a single
- the first stage in the family life cycle it involves launghing
- launching
- the process in which youth move into adulthood and exit their family of origin
- new couple
- forming s new couple is the 2nd stage in family life cycle. 2 seperate people unite to form new family
- becoming a parent and a family with children
- 3rd stage in family life cycle. adults move up a generation and become caregivers to a younger gen.
- family with adol.
- 4th stage of family cycle. where adol. push for atomomy and own identity.
- family at midlife
- 5th stage of family life cycle. lauching children linking gen. and adapting to mid changes
- family in later life
- 6th family cycle final stage. involves retirement and grandparenting
- romantic love
- passionate love or eros sexual and infatuation components often predominates in the early period of a love relationship,
- affectionate love
- compationate love, individual desire to have the other person near with a caring affection for the other person
- middle adulthood
- the developmental period starting at 40 and ending at 60
- chronic disorders
- disorders that are characterized by a slow onset of a long duration. rare in early life, and common in older years.
- type "A" behavior patterns
- competitive, impatient, hostile, thought to be related to an incedent of heart disease.
- type "B" behavior
- calm and easygoing
- hardiness
- commitment not alienation, control not powerless, challenges not threats
- climacteric
- the midlife transition in which fertility declines
- menapause
- the complete cessation of a womens menstruation which usually occurs in the late 40s or early 50s
- crystallized intelligence
- according to horn, accumulated information and verbal skills that inc. with age
- fluid intelligance
- according to horn,ability to reason abstractly which declines from middle adulthood.
- working memory
- closely related to short term memory but places more emphasis on mental work. fit things together to make dessicions
- leisure
- pleasant times after work when indivs. are free to do things they enjoy
- contemp life- events approach
- how a life event influences the indivs. development. depends on mediating factors, adaption, and life stage, sociohistorical context.
- sociol clock
- the timetable according to which indivs. are expected to accompish life's tasks such as getting married, having children ,establishing themselves in a career
- big five factors
- emotional stability (neuroticism),extraversion, openness to experience,agreeableness, conscientiousness.
- empty nest syndrome
- a decrease in marital satisfaction after children leaves home, b/c from their children.
- life span
- the upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an indiv. can live. life span 120 to 125
- life expectancy
- the number of years that will prob. be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
- cellular clock theory
- Hayflick's theory, theory that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80 as we age our cells have less capability to divide
- free-radical theory
- microbiological theory of aging by producing unstable O2 molecules known as FR. bounce around damacing cell structure.
- mitochondrial theory
- the theory that aging is caused by decay of MITO, tiny cell bodies that supply E for function, growth, and repair
- hormonal stress theory
- the theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resilience to stress and increasethe likelihood of desease
- cataracts
- thinining of the lence of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
- glaucoma
- damage to the optic nerve b/c of pressure created by a build up of fluid in the eye
- macular degeneration
- a disease that involves the deterioration of the maculaof the retna that corresponds to the of the focal center of the visual field
- arthritus
- inlfamation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems common in older adults.
- osteoporosis
- a chronic condition that involves an extensice loss in bone tissue, the reason why oldies walk with a stoop, women are most vulnerable.
- selective attention
- focusing on specific aspects if experiences that are relevent and ignoring the irrevelent ones
- divided attention
- concetrating on more then one activity at the same time
- sustained attention
- the state of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occuring in random times in the environmnet
- episode memory
- the retention of info. about where and when of lifes happening
- smantic memory
- perons knoledge about the world including field of expertise, academic knolege, and everyday knoledge
- explict memory
- memory of facts and experiences that indiv know and state
- implicit memory
- memory w/o conscience memory skills and procedures doen automatically
- source memory
- the ablity to remember where one learned something
- prospective memory
- involves rembering to do something in the future
- wisdom
- expert knowledge about the practical aspect of life that allows excellent judgment about important matters
- major depression
- mood disorder in which indiv is deeply unhappy. demoralized, bored, very common
- dementia
- any neuralogical disorder involving the deterioration of mental functioning
- alzheimers disease
- progressive irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reason, language, and physical function.
- multi- infraction dementia
- sporadic and progressive loss of intelectual funtioning caused by repeated temporary abstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries
- parkinson disease
- a chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors slowinf of movement and partail facial paralysis.
- cognitive mechanics
- "hardware" of the mind, invloves speed and accuracy, with sensore input, visual and motor memory,discrimintation, comparison, and categorization.
- cognitive pragmatics
-
the culture based "software program" of the mind. cognitive invloving reading, writing lang comprehension, edu qualifications, prof. skills, self knoledge, and life skills
......which help us master or cope with life - integrity verses despair
- eriksons 8th and final stage of development which indiv. experiece in late adulthood. involves reflection on the past and either viewing life as positive or negitive
- differentation verses role preoccupation
- one of the three developmental tasks of aging described by peck where older adults redefine their worth.
- disengagment theory
- the theory that to cope effectivly older adults should gradually withdraw from society
- activity theory
- the theory that the more active and involved older adults are the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
- body transcendence versus body preoccupation
- a developmental task of aging described by peck in which older adults must cope with the declining physical well-being
- ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
- a developmental task of aging described by peck oldies must come to feel at ease that they will die soon but they have contibuted to the future through their children with their vocation and ideas
- socioemtional selectivity theory
- the theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. B/c they place a high value on emotional satisfaction older adults often spend more time with the same peeps that they know they like.
- selective optimization with compensation theory
- the theory that successfull aging is related to three main factors: selection, optimization, and comensation.
- ageism
- prejudice against peeps because of the their age usually older pepps
- eldercare
- physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day to day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care
- generational inequality
- the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults get higher advantages with more resources.