European History AP - ch 18 Scientific Revolution
Vocab for class at Niceville HS. The list is chapter 18.
Terms
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- Enlightened despot
- Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Breat, Frederick the Great.
- The Royal Society of London
- Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.
- The Spirit of Laws
- Montesquieu, about separation of powers.
- Geocentric Theory
- Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian.
- Descartes
- (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- (1473-1543) Plish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres." Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.
- Natural Law
- Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.
- Deductive Reasoning
- Descartes, doubt everything and use reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method.
- Inductive Reasoning
- Baconian empiricism. Based on speculations on other situations.
- Aristotelian World View
- Motionless earh was fixed at the center of the universe, God was beyond.
- Empiricism
- Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning.
- Andrew Celsius
- Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius.
- Gabriel Fahrenheit
- Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.
- Isaac Newton
- English scientist. 3 Laws of Motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural PHilosophy (1687).
- Ptolemy's System
- Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to expalin minor irregulatiries in the movement of the planets.
- Tycho Brahe
- (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.
- Robert Boyle
- (1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt.
- Essay Concerning Human Understanding
- Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory.
- Deism
- God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.
- Humanitarianism
- Promoting human welfare and social reform.
- Heliocentric Theory
- Sun is the center of the universe. Copernican.
- Discourse on Methods
- Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning.
- Montesquieu
- French philosopher. Wrote "The Spirit of Laws". Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.
- William Harvey
- Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.
- Francis Bacon
- (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.
- Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities
- Rousseau, discussed the innocence of man and his corruption by society.
- Voltaire
- French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote "Candide". Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
- Rococo
- Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portaits.
- Galileo Galilei
- Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter's moons. Wrote "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World".
- The Social Contract
- Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.
- Second Treatise of Governments
- Written by Locke, government created to protect life, liberty, and property.
- Gresham College
- Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had an honored roll in society; center of scientific activity.
- Carl Linnaeus
- System Nature - developed methods to classify and name plants and animals.
- Candide
- Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe.