Public Health Exam One
Terms
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- Traditional Models of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- medical, legal and moral
- Medical model
- what the drugs physically do to your body
- Legal model
- the consequence you suffer because of drug abuse
- moral model
- bad values, sinning, etc
- Underlying framework of course
- attitudinal, interpersonal, political, social, economic
- why course fits a public health model
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-we are concerned about large populations
-problems are preventable
-large numbers of people are affected
-education part of solution
-patterns of drug use are communicable - Six basic assumptions
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-drug definition is broad
-not just youth problem
-drugs themselves are not good or bad
-if drugs eliminated, problems not over
-no easy solution
-prevention starts with you and me - Primary Source
- journal article, editorial review board--methods and data given in order to replicate the study
- Secondary Source
- summary of the primary--textbooks--can't replicate the study. Reorganization of info
- Tertiary Source
- audience not generally professional--newspaper article---very little info given. very summarized for the lay population
- purpose of editorial review board
- experts on subject can concurr that information is accurate
- major problem with tertiary info
- so filtered out for "dumb" people, you get very little information, no author, and too much advertisment
- Correlation vs. Causation
- just because two events are related does not imply one causes the other. corelation: describes the strength of the relationship or association btwn two variables
- retrospective vs. prospective
- looking back, only relying on reports vs. going forward
- testimony vs. research
- testimony--question of quality, often biased, sometimes paid for
- four errors in research
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-sampling--is it large enough
-data collection--are you asking questions people will answer
-interpretation- using figures properly, data support conclusion
-presentation-misleading people? - Cautions on web info
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-no standards of quality
-cocktail party with too much info
-commercial site
-outdated info - epidemiology
- the study of the dynamics and distribution of diseases and conditions in populations
- the three components of epidemiological model
- agent, person, enviroment--related because all interact--it isn't just one thing that aids in problem
- agent
- the drug itself: potency, purity, quantity, route of administration
- person
- internal factors (genetics), external factors(things you have control over..lack of sleep)
- environment
- religious, cultural, physical, legal
- set
- expectations
- setting
- enviroment
- Abstinence
- Absolute position, but no one is truly abstinent--doesn't usually include coffee, meds, food
- Use
- Experienced administration--moderate or occasional
- approved med use
- use as prescribed, report side effects
- appropriate social use
- culturally, religiously, personally
- next steps before marginal abuse
- moderate and frequent, moderate but habitual, use for kicks or thrills
- marginal abuse
-
high potential to lead to abuse
-use for kicks, to get high, stress relief, spree use - abuse
- no social norm, increasing frequency and amount--thereby increasing tolerance, denial, dependency, change motivation
- drug actions depend on what variables
- set, setting, dose, potency, tolerance, age, physcial condition, route of administration, site/mechanism, presence of other groups
- fastest route of administration
- inhaling--gets there faster, get dependent faster 90% dependent on smoking
- ED 50, TD 50, LD 50
- effective does, toxic dose and lethal dose (50 stands for 50%)
- Effect of depressants
- slow down the CNS (alcohol, barbituates, tranqs narcotics)
- Opiate narcotics effects
- reduce pain, produce sleep ( opium, morphine, heroin)
- barbituate effects
- induce sleep(librium, valium)
- stimulants
- speed up CNS(amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine)
- amphetamines
- increase alertness, decrease hunger
- hallucinogens
- alter perception
- marijuana
- mild relaxant, medicinal use
- BAC .05-.08
- motor functions impaired, more noisy, talkative, muscle control, judgement and ability to respond
- BAC .09-.15
- hearing, speech and balance
- BAC .12
- often when vomit
- BAC .2
- major blackouts of memory, unonciousness, reflexes impaire
- BAC .3
- difficult to awake, coma state, closer to death
- BAC .35
- surgical anethesia
- BAC .40
- lethal does for 50% of people
- Six General Principles of Drugs
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-drugs have been around for a long time
-drugs can be grouped into four general categories (depress, stim, hall, maryj)
-laws passed are not always for health and welfare
-governmental efforts often have unanticipated consequences
-natural forms tend to be safer than man made
-prohibition of any drug will lead to the importation of less bulky, more potent forms - Prohibition
- 1920-1933, changed drinking patterns, who what and where, temp decrease in cirrhosis of the liver, undermining of legal authority
- Effect of labeling
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1914 old lady usig tonic
1960 inner city black inject
1972 young urban mixing - types of stimulants
- amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine
- state dependent learning
- if using, remember something better if you're in the state that you learned it in
- la guardia
- 1939 maryj use related to juvenile delinquency
- india hemp
- no known correlation with diseases
- ledain
- don't penalize for simple possession--decriminalize it
- state of intoxication
- interior state--central part of being human--hunger drive, sex drive
- historical figures that described non chemical state of intoxication
- mohammed ali, emily dickenson,
- Time
- altered--speed up or slow down
- perception
- visual changes, touch, hearing, taste changes, smell
- emotion
- enter intoxications looking for serenity, tranquility, peace
- unity
- all things are related to one another in a way that makes sense
- reality
- intense conviction thathis is what life is really all about
- ineffability
- too overwhemling to be expressed in words
- sense of longing
- come out of it with an intense desire to return
- why states important
- because in reality we are all seeking the same types of states, just in different ways
- ways to achieve non chem intox
- fasting, vigils, twirling, water, sex, mature, exertion, music
- Prevention aims
- prevent harm and problems that arise from use--if you just try to control one area, it will move to another
- primary prevention
-
promoting optimal health--widespread, universal
-specific answers for specific problems - secondary prevention
- -prevent from getting worse early diagnosis, detection, slowing process--early intervention
- tertiary prevention
- reduce complications, rehb, getting back to previous level
- enforcement approach
- 4 components- severity, certainty, quickness, community awareness
- environment approach
- availability, responsible hosts, mixed messages, alternatives
- social norms approach
- change how people think
- important to note that can't use just one
- because they all interact
- formal controls
- laws
- informal controls
- doing whats right