Chemical Threat Agents midterm
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What's a state party?
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* Government or entity of law
* Use CW against a formal target - MILITARY
* Well-defined programs (US, Russia) - What is a terrorist?
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* Want you to think you're next
* Want you to change your behavior
* Less-defined programs - What makes a good CW agent?
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* Strong physiological effect
* Strong psychological effect
* Inexpensive and easy to make
* Resists countermeasures - hard to detect, resists decontamination - Progressive toxicity
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Toxic gases
Blister agents
Nerve agents
Toxic chemicals - Chlorine gas
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* Yellow-green gas
* Reacts with water --> HCl and oxygen radicals
* Pungent odor
* Many commercial uses
* Heavy, creeps along the ground
* Kills, blinds - What are stokes rounds?
- Rounds filled with chlorine gas
- Mustard
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* Creeps along ground
* Thick liquid
* Blister agent
* Delayed effects
* Nitrogen mustard freezes in cold, so you can't use in the cold. - Lewisite
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* Mix of isomers (cis and trans)
* Vessicant - blistering agent
* Immediate pain
* Breaks down rapidly
* Sensitive to water
* Mixes well with mustards - lowers the freezing point so you can use in the cold - What is the general structure for G agents?
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O=P-
| - G agents
- * Gave way to V agents
- V agents
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* Nerve agents
* Stronger than G agents - Ricin
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* Castor bean extract
* 2 proteins linked by disulfide bridge
* Inhibits protein synthesis
* Destroyed by heat and oxidation with chlorine
* Assassinations - What is a unitary agent?
- An agent that is effective as it is.
- What is a binary agent?
- An agent that requires two parts to be put together to be effective.
- "-ium"
- Cation.
- -ate, -oate, -ide
- Anion.
- What are the 3 forms of nomenclature used?
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* IUPAC
* Common
* Trivial - IUPAC
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* Based on Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority
* Can be used by anyone, anywhere, anytime
* Evolves - Common nomenclature
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* He who discovers it can name it
* Varies from discipline to discipline
* Not systematic
* Does not evolve - Trivial nomenclature
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* Chemical nicknames
* Regional
* Not systematic, but descriptive
* Does not evolve - Examples of gasses
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Ammonia
Bromine (CA)
Chlorine (CL)
HCl
Methyl bromide
Methyl isocyanate
Phosgene (CG)
Diphosgene (DP)
Phosphine
Phosphorus, elemental, white or yellow
Sulfuryl fluoride - Examples of cyanides
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Arsine (SA)
Carbon monoxide
Cyanide
Cyanogen chloride (CK)
Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
Potassium cyanide (KCN)
Sodium cyanide (NaCN)
Sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) - Examples of mustards
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Nitrogen mustard
Sulfur mustard
Distilled mustard (HD)
Mustard/Lewisite (HL)
Mustard/T
Sesqui-mustard - Examples of G-agents
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* Phosphate, phosphonate, phosphofluoridate
* Acetylcholine
* Carbamate - Nitrogen mustard
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* Thick liquid
* Blister agent
* Delayed effects - Examples of V-agents
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* Sulfur, instead of oxygen
* Amiton
* VX
* Russian V - Examples of incapacitating agents
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* 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ)
* Fentanyl - Sulfur mustard
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* Thick liquid
* Blistering agent
* Delayed effects - Examples of vomiting agents
- * Adamsite
- Examples of bleeding agents
- * Warfarin
- Examples of riot control agents
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Bromobenzylcyanide (CA)
Chloroacetophenone (CN)
Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS)
Chloropicrin (PS)
Dibenzoxazephine (CR)
Phenylisocyanates - Examples of biotoxins
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* Abrin
* Brevetoxin
* Colchicene
* Digitalis
* Nicotine
* Ricin
* Saxitoxin
* Strychnine
* Tetrodotoxin
* Trichothecene - Examples of new agents
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* Novochuks
* New riot control agents
* Super-vomiting agents - Why use an incapacitating agent?
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* This type of agent makes people sick or unable to retaliate
* Want people around for some reason
* The dead are not a negotiating tool - Why use a lethal agent?
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* This type of agent kills people
* You don't need the people or want to take care of them
* They are expendable - Classes of agents
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* Incapacitating agents - BZ, vomiting agents
* Riot control agents (RCAs) - lacrimators, pepper spray
* Pulmonary agents - ammonia, chlorine
* Vessicants - mustards, Lewisites
* Blood agents - cyanides - prevent ability to carry oxygen
* Nerve agents - sarin, VX
* Super agents - What is votility?
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* Tendency of liquid to gasize
* Phase determines route of exposure - What is persistence?
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* Amount of time agent will dwell on terrain or objects
* Sensitivity to light, water
* Mixing with thickening agents makes agent last longer - What is chemical exposure?
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* How much you're exposed to for how long
* Time and concentration - Routes of exposure
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* Inhalation
* On skin
* Through skin
* Ingestion
* Injection
* Fumes - Phases for inhalation
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* Gas
* Liquid (turns into gas) - Phases to expose on skin
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* Gas
* Liquid
* Solid - inefficient - throw weight, can duck - Phases to expose through skin
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* Gas
* Liquid - * Phases for ingestion
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* Liquid
* Solid - * Phases for injection
- * Liquid - easy for animals
- * Phases for fumes
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* Mixture of particles and gas
* < 10 microns goes deep in lungs - What phase are most nerve agents?
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* Liquids, not gasses
* Sarin (GB) - non-persistent vapor/liquid
* VX - persistent liquid
* Penetrates skin, eyes, lungs - What is cholinergic crisis?
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* Nerve agents block acetylcholine esterase, which ends signaling
* Nerves keep firing - What are the effects of nerve agents on muscarinic sites?
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* Increase secretions: saliva, tears, runny nose, in airways and GI, sweating
* Smooth muscle contraction
- Eyes constricted - narrow pupils
- Airway constriction
- Intestinal hyperactivity - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea - Effects of nerve agents on nicotinic sites
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* Skeletal muscles - fasciculations, twitching, weakness, flaccid paralysis
* Ganglion - tachycardia, hypertension - Acute effects of nerve agents on CNS
- * Acute: loss of consciousness, convulsions, apnea
- What happens when you inhale a nerve agent?
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* Vapor effects occur within seconds, peak within minutes
* Low exposure: miosis (dim vision, eye pain), runny nose, shortness of breath
* High exposure: immediate loss of consciousness, seizures, apnea, flaccid paralysis - What happens with liquid skin exposure of a nerve agent?
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* Small amounts - localized sweating, fasciculations
* Moderate amounts (< LD50) - GI effects
* Large amounts (LD50) - sudden loss of consciousness, seizures, apnea - Prolonged effects of nerve agents on CNS
- * Prolonged: psychological effects (4-6 weeks), cognition deficits (e.g., short term memory)
- Effects of low exposure nerve agent inhalation
- * Low exposure: miosis (dim vision, eye pain), runny nose, shortness of breath
- Effects of high exposure nerve agent inhalation
- * High exposure: immediate loss of consciousness, seizures, apnea, flaccid paralysis
- Nerve agent factors
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* Buddy protection
* Masks
* Suits - Nerve agent treatment
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* ABCs - mostly As
* Antidoes - atropine, 2-PAMCI, diazepam (valium) - Antidotes
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* Don't reverse poisoning
* Buy time - Using atropine
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* Antagonizes muscarine effects
* Dries secretions, relaxes smooth muscles
* Administer by injection or down endotracheal tube
* Symptoms of atropine poison - dry secretions, reddening, confusion, increased heart rate - Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAMCI)
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* Pulls agent from acetylcholine esterase in absence of aging
* Helps nicotinic sites
* Use less atropine - What is aging?
- Some organophosphates physically damage acetylcholine esterase and if removed, the enzyme won't function properly
- Autoinjectors
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* Through pants
* Use atropine first
* Pyridostymine - Pyridostyme
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* Autoinjector
* Give when you think there will be a chemical attack
* Blocks nerve agents from binding to acetylcholine - Examples of vessicants
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* Military - sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard, Lewisite
* Poison ivy
* Chemicals
* Chemotherapy agents
* Sunlight
* Riot control agents - Structure of sulfur mustard
- Cl - C - C - S - C - C - Cl
- Structure of nitrogen mustard
- Cl - C - C - N - C - C - Cl
- The threat of vessicants
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* Vapor, liquid
* Topical eye, skin, airway damage - same on inside
* Latent period between exposure and effect
* Symptomatic treatment
* System poison - can damage bone marrow - Effects of mustard
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* Chemical cell damage in 1-2 minutes
* Clinical effects in 2-48 hours, often 4-8 hours
* Cyclizes in tissues
* DNA damage, cell death
* May go after eyes, respiratory tract - Effects of vessicants on skin
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* Erythema
* Small vesicles grow and coalesce into large ones
* Blisters
* Possible coagulating necrosis with liquids - Effects of vessicants on airways
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* Lower - dyspnea, productive cough
* Mid - larynx, hoarseness
* Upper - nose bleed, sore throat, hacking cough
* Rarely pulmonary edema - Effects of vessicants on GI tract and bones
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* Damages stem cells
* Decrease white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (decreased clotting)
- Survival rare if WBC < 200
- Greater risk for infection
* Ruins intestinal tract within 24 hours
* Tissue destruction after 3-5 days - Decontamination of vessicants
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* Part of supportive treatment
* Physical removal of agent - cut off clothes, flush skin
* Won't prevent sickness
* Will prevent cross-contamination - Treatment of vessicants
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* Cover eyes
* Reassure victim
* Oxygen - intubation
* Bronchiodialators - Effects of Lewisite
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* Similar to sulfur mustard
* Immediate burning of eyes, skin, airway - injures all
* No bone marrow effects - Treatment of Lewisite
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* 1st: Self protection
* Immediate decontamination
* British anti-Lewisite agent (BAL) - antidote for systemic effects of poisoning - Cyanides
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* Widely used in industries
* Byproduct of burning some synthetic materials
* Comes as salts or HCN gas
* Must be delivered in large amounts --> death
* Natural in pits of stone fruits and some nuts - 5-10 ppm cyanide causes?
- Headache
- 10-50 ppm cyanide causes?
- Nausea
- 100 ppm cyanide causes?
- Death in 1 hour
- 300 ppm cyanide causes?
- Death instantly
- Effects of small amounts of cyanide
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* Metabolized and excreted
* Blood pressure drugs - Effects of non-lethal concentrations
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* Anxiety
* Hyperventilation
* Headache, dizziness, vomiting
* Flushed or red skin
* Symptoms improve when source is removed - Effects of lethal concentrations (inhaled) of cyanide
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* Binds to iron in mitochondria - prevents cells from using oxygen
* Cells die starting with brain and heart
* 0-15s anxiety, hyperventilation
* 0-30s seizures
* 3-5min breathing stops
* 6-10min asystole/death
* Normal or dilated pupils, absence of cyanosis - Treatment of cyanide
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* Remove from area
* Remove clothing
* If conscious and breathing, give oxygen and observe
* If unconscious, give oxygen and provide airway management via mechanic resuscitation - Pulmonary intoxicants - phosgene
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* Colorless gas - white when mixed with water
* Freshly cut grass
* 4x heavier than air
* Gas above 47F
* Dyes, pesticides, pharmaceutical industry - Effects of phosgene inhalation
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* Transient cough
* Mixes with water in lung --> HCl and carbon dioxide
* Irritates eyes, nose, throat, upper airways
* May be asymptomatic for 2-24 hours - Treatment of phosgene
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* ABCs - mostly As
* Remove from source
* Remove clothing
* No exertion - makes lungs, symptoms worse - Ammonia
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* Colorless, water-soluble gas
* Basic
* Strong odor
* Commercial uses: dyes, plastics, fertilizers, explosives - Effects of ammonia
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* Rapidly absorbed by mucosal surfaces
* Corrosive when mixed with water
* Household ammonia < pH 12 --> less damage
* Anhydrous ammonia > pH 12 - extensive damage
* Eyes - burning, severe pain, injury to cornea and lens
* Skin - pain, blistering, deep burns
* Lungs - mild exposure: cough, chest pain, wheezing, laryngitis
- Severe exposure: hypoxia, chemical pneumonia, internal hemorrhaging
* GI - mouth pain, cough to edema of lips and mouth, esophageal strictures - Treatment of ammonia
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* Remove from exposure
* Decontaminate prior to transport
* Irrigate eyes
* Early intubation - Effects of chlorine
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* Eye irritation, cough, wheezing
* 12-24 hours later 0 non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
* Sudden death due to hypoxia - Treatment of chlorine
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* Remove from source
* ABCs - mostly As
* Flush skin and eyes with water
* Oxygen, cool mist, bronchodilator
* Assess hydration - Effects of 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate (BZ)
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* Affects people in different ways
* They know they're not thinking right
* Not hostile, but confused - Fentanyl
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* Incapacitating agent
* Knocks you down - Why are bleeding agents (warfarin) hard to weaponize?
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* Can't gas troops
* Loaded into hollow-point bullets - lead bullets open upon impact
- Coating bullet ineffective - can't introduce enough agent into body
- Burns off and some lost in air
* Bullet does more damage - Purpose of riot control agents
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* Confuse people
* People won't see medical attention
* Some lacrimators - What are Novochuks?
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* Mostly deadly binary nerve agents
* Prevents breakdown of acetylcholine --> continues muscle stimulation
* Can't recover with atropine or antidote - Examples of chemical facilities
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* Pharmaceuticals - make smaller doses of "poisons"
* Soaps and cleansers - small facility
* Industrial inorganic chemicals - pesticides (WMD for bugs)
* Universities - transfer packages
* Printing inks - personnel equipment - Industrial chemicals that terrorists can use to make CWs
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* Ammonia
* Chlorine
* HCl
* Sulfuric acid
* Organophosphate pesticides - Peroxides
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* Organic peroxides
* Unstable, combus
* Time-delay detonator - Organophosphate pesticides
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* Very low LD 50
* Very easy to make - Small-scale facilities
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* "Good enough" labs
* Buy equipment at regular stores - Refinery
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* Lousy to make CW
* Multipurpose - Continuous
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* Large quantities
* Mass production
* Constant - Material movement
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* Gravity
* Pressure
* Vacuum
* Pumps - Ethers
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* Lower explosive limit than peroxides
* Mix with air to ignite - Reflux
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* Keeps it at constant temperature
* Mixes solvents better (might take 24 hours for reaction) - Batch plants
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* More watched
* Well suited for changing the end product
* Slip stream - divert chemicals from main process - Carbon steel plants
- Magnetic
- Glass-lined steel plants
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* Can't use fluorine in these
* High nickel will stop this, but it's expensive - Stainless steel plants
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* Fine, as long as no wet bromides
* Corrosive - Pass through
- Differences in pressure between walls
- Definition of a chemical weapon
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* Toxic chemicals and their precursors
* Munitions and devices
* Any equipment designed for use directly in connection with munitions and devices - Article III: Must take inventory within how many days of change of CWC?
- 30 days
- Article VII
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National Implementation Measures
* Must implement CWC, not just sign it
* Can't take part in anything prohibited by CWC - Article V Must declare all facilities within how many days of ratifying the CWC?
- 90 days
- Article V: Single small-scale production facilities
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* May have these
* Makes < 100g/year - used for defense, testing purposes - Article V: Converting facilities
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* May convert facility if you can't convert it back
* ONLY destroy CM - no other function - Article VI: Activities not prohibited
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* Allowed to acquire, transfer, produce, etc. tchemicals for purposes not prohibited
* Defensive testing - subject to verification
* Must document transfer - Article VIII - technical secretariat
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* Person in charge
* Supervises on technical questions
* Appointed - Schedule 1
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* If it's not on the list but should, it's on
* Any lethal/incapacitating agent that can be used as CW
* Any precursor
* NO legitimate uses - Schedule 2
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* Poses significant risk
* Not produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited in CWC
* Not very useful in anything other than CW - Schedule 3
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* Was stockpiled as CW
* Less significant risk
* Produced in large commercial quantitites
* Commercial or CW
* Legitimate uses - CAS #
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* In CWC
* Everything you need to know about that chemical - Schedule 2 agents
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* Not chemical weapons
* Salts - for nerve agents - Article I
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General Obligations
* Destroy - Part IV Destruction of Chemical Weapons and Its Verification Pursuant to Article IV
- * How they check up on you
- Article II
- Definitions and Criteria
- Article III
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Declarations
* CW, old CW, facilities it owns
* Locations and inventory - Annex on Implementation and Verification
- Where the secretariat derives his ability to do things
- Annex Part I
- Defines what can and can't be inspected
- Alternative perimeter
- Perimeter specified by the state party as an alternative to the requested perimeter
- Requested perimeter
- The perimeter designated in the inspection confirmation.
- Agree perimeter
- Final perimeter as agreed in negotiations between inspection team and state party.
- Declared perimeter
- The external boundary of the facility declared
- Point of entry/exit
- Airport you arrive at/depart from in country
- Notification of inspection
- Must tell country what type of inspection, point of entry, means, ETA, perimeter, names of all associated people/parties
- CWC inspection process
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* Determine perimeter
* Approved equipment
* Notification
* Analyze samples within country
* Debrief country what you found within 24 hours
* File report with Hague and leave - Deadline: within 2 years of CWC ratification
- 1% must be destroyed
- Deadline: within 3 years of CWC ratification
- > 1% must be destroyed
- Deadline: within 5 years of CWC ratification
- > 20% must be destroyed
- Deadline: within 10 years of CWC ratification
- All must be destroyed
- Annex Part V
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Destruction of Chemical Weapons Production Facilities and Its Verification Pursuant to Article V
* Submit your plan for destruction, update annually
* Can't save any part of the facility
* Order of destruction: Schedule 1 first, from most toxic to least toxic - Annex Part VI
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Activities Not Prohibited Under This Convention In Accordance with Article VI
* Allowed SSPF - no more than 100
* up to 100g for research, etc. outside of SSPF
* Declare SSPF and specifics - Annex on the Protection of Confidential Information ("Confidentiality Annex")
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A. General Principles for Handling of Confidential Information
B. Employment and Conduct of Personnel in Technical Secretariat
C. Measures to Protect Sensitive Installations and Prevent Disclosure of Confidential Data in Course of On-Site Verification Activities
D. Procedures in Case of Breaches/Alleges Breaches of Confidentiality - Article IV
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Chemical Weapons
* What each State Party must do with CW
* Includes devices used to disperse CW prohibited by CWC (something whose sole purpose is for CW) - Article V
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Chemical Weapons Production Facilities
* Must declare all facilities within 90 days
* Production, filling, capacity, storage, destruction
* Until greenfield is verified
* May have SSPF
* May convert facilities
* Each party must pay for own destruction - Article VIII
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The Organization
* General organization of CWC
* The Hague, The Netherlands
* Establishes technical secretariat - Article IX
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Consultations, Cooperation and Fact-finding
* Procedures for challenge inspections - Article X
- Assistance and Protection Against Chemical Weapons
- Annex on Chemicals
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A. Guidelines on Schedules of Chemicals (definitions)
B. Schedules of Chemicals (tables) - Verification Annex Part I ~
- Article II Definitions and Criteria
- Verification Annex Part IV A ~
- Article III Declarations
- Verification Annex Part V ~
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Article III Declarations
Article V Chemical Weapons Production Facilities - Verification Annex Part VI ~
- Article VI Activities Not Prohibited
- Verification Annex Part VII ~
- Article VI
- Verification Annex Part I
- Definitions
- Verification Annex Part II
- General Rules of Verification
- Verification Annex Part IV A
- Destruction of Chemical Weapons and Its Verification Pursuant to Article IV: Declarations
- Verification Annex Part V
- Destruction of Chemical Weapons Production Facilities and Its Verification Pursuant to Article V
- Verification Annex Part VI & VII
- Activities Not Prohibited Under this Convention In Accordance with Article VI: Schedules 1 and 2
- Verification Annex Part X
- Challenge Inspections Pursuant to Article IX
- Verification Annex X ~
- Article IX Consultations, Cooperation, and Fact-finding