geog exam 3
Terms
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- microthermal climates (D)
- alaska and canada, upper russia
- emergents
- highest canopy tops (10-60m
- E
- mean temperature less than 50 deg in all months
- climate specifics
- smaller second letters: f,m,s,S,T,w,W. third letters: a,b,c,d,h,k
- what is soil
- 5% organic matter, 50% pore spacs for water and air. 45% mineral matter (ions, parent materials)
- hot and dry desert
- more xerophytes (survive in dry eras) Succlents and cacti...larg patches of bare ground. Sarahara, kalahari, etc.
- Black Flood
- the black sea and meditteranean sea: before the black sea was getting water fro the icee, not sea. the sea level lowered, creating the meditterenaen water to low into the sea the reverse way.
- T
- second letter Tundra; at least 1 month between 0-10 deg. celsius
- where the tropical climates
- south america, middle africa, indonesian islands and india. along the equator
- m
- second letter monsoon, second letter, only 1-3 months of rainfall, less than 6 cm
- soil processes
- 1. soil additions things add up to it. 2. soil transactions 3.a. upper soil depletions 4. soil transformations 3.b. lower soil depletions
- weather
- state of the atmospheree at a specific pace and time on the earths surface
- w
- second letter winter dry; winter dry season 3-6 less than six cm.
- climate change and human history books
- coming to the americas, the black sea lood, ancient maya, vikings, eruption of tambora, little ice age, dust bowl, military history.
- central Kansas
- , A, B, Cca
- o horizon
- leaf and plant litter
- h
- mean annual temp is greater than 64.4 deg. f (warm)
- Pluvial
- rain lakes being filled by rain water on adjacent slopes.
- regoligth and bedrock
- weathering into soil. most acection near surface until it sinks or mixes downwards.
- Sonoran Desert
- south arizona, aguro cacti, grows without arms for about fifty years until arms develop. part wooden, have ribs. tissues absorbs water, ribs spread apart. interesting rooting system literal. Fills with water, latitudinally for supports. 23. gets moisture from rain as it soaks in
- tundra mat
- like a carpet, rolls of permafrost, creates own microsoil.
- when does temperature change the most
- changes when heat descends. Precipitation lowers as heat rises. another dustbowl can be possible.
- soil colors
- very visually good colors
- loam
- soil which is a mix of clay, silt, and sand.
- megadraughts
- a huge period of draught.
- oxisols
- red low range colors--tropical, rainforest soil. heavily oxidized and all iron and aluminimum.
- The Last Ice Age
- 20-18ka was the coldest part of the last glacial period. the LGM.
- humis
- decomposed organic matter
- soil horizon
- the colors of the soil as they decrease.
- spodosol
- acidic soils with a subsurface accumulation of sosquidoxeses humis. Mostly from idaho. O, E, B, L
- global climate change
- major environmental issue of the next century; highly politicized, climate scientists agree that global change is occuring, the vast majority also agrees that it is due to antrhopogenic influences.
- napoleans great army
- efforts to cros the rever in 1812, the coldest period euroep experienced in 200 years. WWII was the next coldest period in europe
- Konza prarie
- never plowed, soils on bills too thin.
- S
- second letter Steppe (semi-arid) mean annual precip in low latitudes 38-76 cm. 25-64 in midlatitudes.
- soil development and time
- takes 2500years to erode.
- ground layer
- 0-5 meters, floor level plants
- Munder Miniminum
- an area of decreased solar output. stradivarious used narrower and denser tree wood to make violions
- Cca
- calcium carbonate--looks like white chalk in soils
- tropical highland oak forests
- full of oxisols: quericus hondurenesis (oak hondurasas)
- Mollisols on rural road showed
- A-ca, and other bases high. Most fertile soil order.
- c
- warmest month has mean temp less than 71.6 but fewer than 4 months have greater than 50 deg. f
- highland climates (H)
- Associated with large mtn ranges (andes, rockies, alps). Cooler\colder than surrounding lowlands, even in tropical or equatorial regions, oen wetter than surroundings due to orographoic precip.
- dark varnish to rock top
- bacterial growth dominant
- alfisols
- very acidy, mid coniferous forest. trees, tallgrass, short grass, sagebrush.
- midconiderous forest
- conifers are more northwards toward canada
- paleosoils
- soils of the past: the river alluvium near the lawrence airport
- H
- significant climate changes due to altitude variations.
- arid\semi-arid climates (B)
- above and below tropics
- B
- mean annual precip is less than 30 inches
- bioterbation
- mixing of biological things "critters (prarie dogs, ants, etc)
- a horizon
- enriched wiht humus
- where the arid and semi arid climates
- just outside the equtor: midwest US, chile area, upper africa and lower africa, india andmid asia, australia
- understory
- 5-15meters under the canopy
- mimidlatitude decidious forests: alfisols
- soils with a subsurface zone of slicale clay acumulation and high base staus (very fertile)
- tundra
- arctic turndra, light purple: caribou all stay low, small plants are all frozen. if not rock, it's probably permafrost.
- Ice Free Corridor
- meanders terraces, extc. good indicitation that people walked across the corridor from place to place.
- ways to make water expand
- thermal expansion and adding more water.
- b
- third letter; alphabetical; warmest month has mean temp of 71.6 but monts with mean temp greater than 50 deg f
- desert varnish
- 1. biographic deposit produced by mixotrophic bacteria on rocks. 2. can be 1000's of years old. 3.made of bacterial activity realitive to clay accumulation determines color
- dust storm
- western kansas during a jackrabbit hunt.
- the NAO time series
- positive index recently (stronger winds and more storms in the north atlantic)
- a
- third letter : alphabetical warmest month ahs greater than 71.6 deg. f
- canopy
- 15-40 meters
- the beginnning of the Ice age in the american southwest:
- 1247: mesa verde abandoned because of the drought. this isk nown because of the tree rings. it wasn't colder, just drier.
- solum
- a, b,e, and o
- A
- mean temp each month is greater than 64 deg.
- Mojace desert
- microbacteria filaments bind soil particles
- indicators of global warming
- glacial retreat, arctic sea-ice extent, river thaw dates, sea-level rise.
- wallace soil
- from the top down: organic (dark), then ashey white, the ndarker brown, yellow, then tan.
- climate
- average values of weather elements, such as temp and precipitation over an extended period of time.
- aridisol environment
- desert pavement; not many plants, soil pit ug--looks like gravel.
- John Muir
- documents a glacier in alaska during the Little Ice Age.
- regolith
- the weathered paretn material.
- death valley
- once a LGM pluvial lake.
- global rise in sea level
- the rise equals higher ice mass
- climate change recorded through history:
- has gone down over 70 milion years
- tropical rainforest parts
- emergents, canopy, understory, groundlayer
- W
- second letter desert; mean annual precipitation less than 15 inches
- regolith 2
- c
- soil texture
- distribution of the particals by size (mineral grains in the soil (grains, sand, silt, clay)
- soil acidity
- from the E horizon to the b. in kanssas there is no E because the soil, the Cgets really thick because of biomss.
- mesothermal climates (C)
- eruope, eastern states, lower south america, brazil
- four categories of biomes
- forest, grassland, desert, tundra, alpine and arctic ice
- Ergs
- active seas of sand: after the lgm the kalahari got bigger. the size of them cbanged from the last ice age.
- climate change
- climatice variability the psuedo-cycles. 1. El Nino (ENSO), 2. Sahelian Droughts and Lake Chad. 3. North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO)
- the Sahel
- ranfall gradient from 1200 to 200 mm in about 500 miles. (over the hump in africa)
- big bluestream
- tall grass eight inches or higher "turkey foot"
- NAO
- a middle-high latitude atmospheric oscillation. Negavite index (weak winds), Positive index (strong winds)
- polar climates (E)
- antartica, north pole
- some examples of environmental change during the last ice age
- sea level, Erg activity, pluvial lakes
- Beringia
- the joining of two continents by creating a passage (i.e the bering land bridge)
- the LGM
- last Glacial Maximum; when the ice sheets were the biggest. known as the Ice Age
- f
- second letter means "moist", second letter, less than or equal to six centimeters of mean rainall each month
- b horizon
- zone of illuviation
- Eastern great planes
- Thick A, B, Cca, vs. central kansas
- kansas wildfire
- burn and release ash, increase albedo. gives ggrass, move lushisnouss
- k
- mean annual temp lower tahn 64.4 f. (cold)
- Grapes of Wrath
- about the dust bowl: higher temperatures, less water, sever yearls of draught.
- Great American Desert
- in the mid 1800's. a relatively moist period desp;ite the afore preception.
- D
- mean temp greater than 50 in 4-8 months
- soil decrease with the rainforest because
- the rain increases
- major climate groups
- A,B,C,D,E,H all capitals:
- slash and burn
- human impact: was previously a rainforst.
- climographs
- show range of heat at elevations over the months, the solztice and equinoxs' and\or the precipitation
- gellasol
- wet and squishy
- Ap
- soils that have been plowed
- light varnish to rock bottom
- clay accumulation dominant
- ecotones
- soil ordder boundaries; transitional zone in vegitation, and begitation changes
- the Gramas
- short grasses; further west, short, bunched. less biomass
- d
- third letter; same as c, but mean monthly temp is less than neg. 36.4 degrees
- r horizon
- bedrock
- c horizon
- unaltered parent material
- C
- mean monthly warmes temp is 50 deg. and mean coldest temp between 64 and 27 deg.
- buttress roots
- 2 purposes: 1. the exchange part of the vain system, and 2. support
- mollisols
- grassland soils with a high fertility; dependent on bioturbation (mixed organic matter)
- methods of investigations
- soil pits, soil coring