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Chapter 16 vocabulary

Terms

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Habsburg
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth and seventeenth century Spain.
indulgence
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther thought if you don't have the actual faith needed to do a good deed it isn't biblical.
stock exchange
A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold.
gentry
The class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy. They would often give out loans to poor and wealthy people.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the prince. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century.
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
deforestation
The removal of trees faster than the forests can replace themselves. This was happening in Europe around the seventeenth century. It affected the poor more than the rich.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and that were just as scientific as the laws of physics.
witch-hunt
The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Many people, up to a thousand, were tried. Over half were killed.
Versailles
The huge palace built for French king Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility.
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. The place were shares were bought and sold was called the stock exchange.
English Civil War
(1642-1649) A conflict over roayl versus Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with ihs execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.
bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. They were wealthy and could afford big houses and servants.
Little Ice Age
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. Even though it was only a few degrees, many crops suffered and people died.
Scientific Revolution
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.
papacy
The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. The pope had a lot of authority. Without the papacy, there wouldn't be much power in the monarchy.
Protestant Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.
balance of power
The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.

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